fix(seeds): relax documents cardinality, re-point the mcp ingress

Rehearsing the deploy against a full copy of prod surfaced 40+ cardinality
violations that would have failed the seed. Since api/scheduler/notifier all
depend on `seed: service_completed_successfully`, and this change alters the
seed files (so the content hash changes and a full re-ingest runs for the
first time in months), that failure would have stopped those services from
starting at all.

None of them are new. The foreign-key bug in checkdefaults was aborting the
ingest earlier, during entity ingest, so ValidateCardinality at the end never
got the chance to run. Fixing the first failure revealed the next.

- `documents` was declared many-to-one, meaning a document may document at
  most one entity. Nomos has been writing docs that cover several (a
  fleet-wide apt audit documents every host it touched) for months, which is
  reasonable — the ontology was the strict one. Now many-to-many.
- The mcp ingress still routed to service:homelab-mcp, which prod marks
  deprecated: the Python MCP server on apps/105 was stopped at the Go cutover.
  Nomos re-pointed it at service:oikos on 2026-07-12 and was right; the seed
  was stale, and re-asserting the old edge alongside the new one is what made
  it a violation.

Remaining after this: one genuine drift, `hosts target=lxc:caddy (2 edges)`,
which needs a prod data fix rather than a code change — see the follow-up.

Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

internal/checkdefaults/defaults.go

@@ -1,25 +1,382 @@
+// Package checkdefaults derives an entity's default check_defs from the
+// monitoring kinds its type declares in seeds/ontology.yaml.
+//
+// The type says WHAT to watch (`service: [http, process]`); this package
+// works out HOW — which concrete check_defs rows to write, and what host,
+// script or URL each needs. Deriving config here rather than in YAML keeps
+// the ontology declarative and keeps address resolution (which has to walk
+// the graph) in code.
 package checkdefaults
 
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/ontology"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
 )
 
-type CheckDef struct {
-	Kind       string
-	Script     string
-	Host       string
-	User       string
-	Port       int
-	Thresholds map[string]any
-	Extra      map[string]any
+// Semantic monitoring kinds, as declared on entity types. These are not
+// check_defs.kind values — one semantic kind can expand to several concrete
+// checks (`resource` becomes four ssh-script rows).
+const (
+	KindPing     = "ping"
+	KindResource = "resource"
+	KindUpdates  = "updates"
+	KindProcess  = "process"
+	KindHTTP     = "http"
+	KindCapacity = "capacity"
+	KindBackup   = "backup-freshness"
+)
+
+// defaultBackupMaxAge is how long a backup target may go without a new
+// artifact before it is stale. A day suits the nightly jobs in this lab;
+// override per target with `backup_max_age_s` in the entity's attributes.
+const defaultBackupMaxAge = 86400
+
+// Target is the entity default checks are being ensured for.
+type Target struct {
+	ID   uuid.UUID
+	Slug string
+	Type string
+	// Name is the entity's name column, not an attribute. The old code read
+	// attrs["name"], which is never populated — seeds put `name` beside
+	// `attributes`, not inside it — so every service silently produced no
+	// process check.
+	Name  string
+	Attrs []byte
+}
+
+// Result reports what Ensure did, so callers can log a type that declared
+// monitoring but produced nothing instead of failing silently.
+type Result struct {
+	Created int
+	// Skipped records kinds that were declared but could not be built, with
+	// the reason. A non-empty Skipped on an active entity is a real gap.
+	Skipped []Skip
+	// Undeclared is true when no ancestor of the type declared monitoring —
+	// an ontology gap rather than a fleet gap.
+	Undeclared bool
+}
+
+// Skip is one declared-but-unbuilt check kind.
+type Skip struct {
+	Kind   string
+	Reason string
+}
+
+type checkDef struct {
+	kind     string
+	config   map[string]any
+	interval int32
+}
+
+// Ensure writes the default check_defs for one entity, idempotently.
+//
+// Returns the number of checks created. An entity whose type declares
+// monitoring it cannot satisfy comes back with a populated Skipped rather
+// than an error — a missing address is a modelling gap, not a failure of
+// this call.
+func Ensure(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, tree *ontology.TypeTree, t Target) (Result, error) {
+	var res Result
+
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(ctx,
+		`INSERT INTO entity_status (entity_id, health, updated_at)
+		 VALUES ($1, 'unknown', now())
+		 ON CONFLICT (entity_id) DO NOTHING`, t.ID); err != nil {
+		return res, fmt.Errorf("entity_status %s: %w", t.Slug, err)
+	}
+
+	mon := tree.Monitoring(t.Type)
+	if !mon.Declared {
+		res.Undeclared = true
+		return res, nil
+	}
+	if mon.None() {
+		return res, nil
+	}
+
+	var attrs map[string]any
+	if len(t.Attrs) > 0 {
+		_ = json.Unmarshal(t.Attrs, &attrs)
+	}
+	if attrs == nil {
+		attrs = map[string]any{}
+	}
+
+	// A service has no address of its own — it lives on the container that
+	// provides it. Fall back to the graph before giving up.
+	host := resolveHost(attrs)
+	if host == "" {
+		hostAttrs, err := hostViaGraph(ctx, tx, t.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return res, fmt.Errorf("resolve host for %s: %w", t.Slug, err)
+		}
+		host = resolveHost(hostAttrs)
+		if user := resolveSSHUser(hostAttrs); host != "" && user != "root" {
+			attrs["ssh"] = hostAttrs["ssh"]
+		}
+	}
+	user := resolveSSHUser(attrs)
+	port := resolveSSHPort(attrs)
+
+	var defs []checkDef
+	for _, kind := range mon.Kinds {
+		built, reason := buildKind(kind, t, attrs, host, user, port)
+		if len(built) == 0 {
+			res.Skipped = append(res.Skipped, Skip{Kind: kind, Reason: reason})
+			continue
+		}
+		defs = append(defs, built...)
+	}
+
+	for i, def := range defs {
+		created, err := writeCheck(ctx, tx, t, i, def)
+		if err != nil {
+			return res, fmt.Errorf("check %s/%s: %w", t.Slug, def.kind, err)
+		}
+		if created {
+			res.Created++
+		}
+	}
+	return res, nil
+}
+
+// buildKind turns one declared semantic kind into concrete check_defs, or
+// returns the reason it could not.
+func buildKind(kind string, t Target, attrs map[string]any, host, user string, port int) ([]checkDef, string) {
+	ssh := func(script string, args ...string) checkDef {
+		cfg := map[string]any{"script": script, "host": host}
+		if user != "" && user != "root" {
+			cfg["user"] = user
+		}
+		if port != 0 && port != 22 {
+			cfg["port"] = port
+		}
+		if len(args) > 0 && args[0] != "" {
+			cfg["args"] = args[0]
+		}
+		return checkDef{kind: "ssh-script", config: cfg, interval: 60}
+	}
+
+	switch kind {
+	case KindPing:
+		if host == "" {
+			return nil, "no address on the entity or its host"
+		}
+		return []checkDef{{kind: "ping", config: map[string]any{"host": host}, interval: 30}}, ""
+
+	case KindResource:
+		if host == "" {
+			return nil, "no address on the entity or its host"
+		}
+		return []checkDef{
+			ssh("cpu_check.sh"), ssh("memory_check.sh"),
+			ssh("load_check.sh"), ssh("disk_usage_check.sh"),
+		}, ""
+
+	case KindUpdates:
+		if host == "" {
+			return nil, "no address on the entity or its host"
+		}
+		// Daily. updates_check.sh runs `apt update` against the distro
+		// mirrors; the shared 60s ssh-script default would have meant 1,440
+		// mirror hits per machine per day to answer a question whose answer
+		// changes about once a day.
+		u := ssh("updates_check.sh")
+		u.interval = 86400
+		return []checkDef{u}, ""
+
+	case KindCapacity:
+		if host == "" {
+			return nil, "no address on the entity or its host"
+		}
+		return []checkDef{ssh("disk_usage_check.sh")}, ""
+
+	case KindProcess:
+		if host == "" {
+			return nil, "no address on the entity or its host"
+		}
+		if t.Name == "" {
+			return nil, "no name to check a process for"
+		}
+		// process_check.sh takes the unit name as $1 and reports "unknown"
+		// without it.
+		return []checkDef{ssh("process_check.sh", t.Name)}, ""
+
+	case KindBackup:
+		// A backup target is checked from the machine that writes to it, so it
+		// needs both an address (resolved via the backs-up-to edge) and the
+		// path to look at.
+		path, _ := attrs["path"].(string)
+		if path == "" {
+			return nil, "entity carries no path attribute to check for backups"
+		}
+		if host == "" {
+			return nil, "no address on the entity or whatever backs up to it"
+		}
+		maxAge := defaultBackupMaxAge
+		if v, ok := attrs["backup_max_age_s"].(float64); ok && v > 0 {
+			maxAge = int(v)
+		}
+		cfg := map[string]any{"path": path, "host": host, "max_age_s": maxAge}
+		if user != "" && user != "root" {
+			cfg["user"] = user
+		}
+		if port != 0 && port != 22 {
+			cfg["port"] = port
+		}
+		// Daily. The freshness budget itself is a day, so probing more often
+		// cannot surface anything sooner — it just costs an SSH round trip.
+		return []checkDef{{kind: "backup-freshness", config: cfg, interval: 86400}}, ""
+
+	case KindHTTP:
+		url := httpURL(t, attrs)
+		if url == "" {
+			return nil, "no url attribute, public_host, or hostname-shaped name"
+		}
+		// max_status rather than an exact expected_status: most services sit
+		// behind Authentik and answer 302/401, which is a working service.
+		return []checkDef{{
+			kind:     "http",
+			config:   map[string]any{"url": url, "max_status": 500},
+			interval: 60,
+		}}, ""
+	}
+
+	return nil, "no builder for this kind yet"
+}
+
+// writeCheck upserts one check_def and its backing check entity.
+//
+// The entity upsert MUST return the row's id. The previous version generated
+// a fresh uuid, inserted ON CONFLICT (slug) DO NOTHING, then wrote a
+// check_defs row referencing that uuid. On any re-seed the slug already
+// existed, the entity insert became a no-op, and the check_defs insert
+// violated its foreign key — which aborted the whole ingest transaction and
+// made every subsequent statement fail with 25P02. Because the errors were
+// discarded, the only visible symptom was an unrelated failure much later.
+func writeCheck(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, t Target, idx int, def checkDef) (bool, error) {
+	// The full target slug, not a truncation of it. shortSlug() took the last
+	// 8 characters, so all 21 ingress routes collapsed to ".network" and
+	// generated one identical check slug — they overwrote each other and 20
+	// of them ended up with no check at all. It also collided service:jellyfin
+	// with lxc:jellyfin. Entity slugs are unique; use them.
+	checkSlug := fmt.Sprintf("check:%s:%s:%d", def.kind, t.Slug, idx)
+
+	newID, err := uuid.NewV7()
+	if err != nil {
+		newID = uuid.New()
+	}
+
+	var checkID uuid.UUID
+	err = tx.QueryRow(ctx,
+		`INSERT INTO entities (id, slug, type, name, state, attributes, version, created_at, updated_at)
+		 VALUES ($1, $2, 'check', $2, 'active', '{}', 1, now(), now())
+		 ON CONFLICT (slug) DO UPDATE SET updated_at = now()
+		 RETURNING id`,
+		newID, checkSlug).Scan(&checkID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("upsert check entity %s: %w", checkSlug, err)
+	}
+
+	configJSON, err := json.Marshal(def.config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	// Config is derived from the seed, so the seed wins on re-ingest and
+	// attribute changes propagate. `enabled` is deliberately left alone: it
+	// is operational state an operator may have toggled.
+	// last_run_at is seeded to a random point inside the interval so checks
+	// created together do not stay in lockstep. Every check the seed creates
+	// would otherwise come due in the same instant forever: ~165 probes
+	// landing at once each minute rather than spread across it. Deliberately
+	// absent from the DO UPDATE below — a re-seed must not reset the schedule
+	// and re-herd everything.
+	tag, err := tx.Exec(ctx,
+		`INSERT INTO check_defs (entity_id, target_id, kind, config, interval_s, timeout_s, enabled, last_run_at)
+		 VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, 30, true,
+		         now() - make_interval(secs => random() * $5::int))
+		 ON CONFLICT (entity_id) DO UPDATE
+		   SET target_id = EXCLUDED.target_id, kind = EXCLUDED.kind,
+		       config = EXCLUDED.config, interval_s = EXCLUDED.interval_s,
+		       updated_at = now()`,
+		checkID, t.ID, def.kind, configJSON, def.interval)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("upsert check_def %s: %w", checkSlug, err)
+	}
+	return tag.RowsAffected() > 0, nil
+}
+
+// httpURL works out what to GET for an http check.
+//
+// Ingress routes carry their hostname as the entity name rather than as an
+// attribute (`name: media.hubris.network`), and most declare no attributes at
+// all — so the name is the only thing to go on. Requiring a `url` attribute
+// left all 21 of them unmonitored, which is a shame given an ingress check is
+// the most end-to-end probe available: it exercises Caddy, DNS, TLS and the
+// upstream in one request.
+func httpURL(t Target, attrs map[string]any) string {
+	if url, ok := attrs["url"].(string); ok && url != "" {
+		return url
+	}
+	if h, ok := attrs["public_host"].(string); ok && h != "" {
+		return "https://" + h
+	}
+	// A dotted name is a hostname; a service name like "jellyfin" is not.
+	if strings.Contains(t.Name, ".") && !strings.Contains(t.Name, " ") {
+		return "https://" + t.Name
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// hostViaGraph returns the attributes of the entity that hosts or provides
+// this one, so a service can inherit its container's address.
+func hostViaGraph(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, entityID uuid.UUID) (map[string]any, error) {
+	rows, err := tx.Query(ctx, `
+		SELECT e.attributes
+		FROM relationships r
+		JOIN entities e ON e.id = r.source_id
+		WHERE r.target_id = $1
+		  AND r.valid_to IS NULL
+		  -- backs-up-to points from the thing being backed up TO the target,
+		  -- so walking it backwards finds the machine that writes the backups
+		  -- — which is the only place a freshness check can run.
+		  AND r.type IN ('provides', 'hosts', 'runs-on', 'backs-up-to')
+		ORDER BY CASE r.type
+		    WHEN 'provides' THEN 0 WHEN 'runs-on' THEN 1
+		    WHEN 'backs-up-to' THEN 2 ELSE 3 END`,
+		entityID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var raw []byte
+		if err := rows.Scan(&raw); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		var attrs map[string]any
+		if json.Unmarshal(raw, &attrs) != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if resolveHost(attrs) != "" {
+			return attrs, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, rows.Err()
 }
 
 func resolveHost(attrs map[string]any) string {
+	if attrs == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
 	if ip, ok := attrs["lan_ip"].(string); ok && ip != "" {
 		return ip
 	}
@@ -28,11 +385,21 @@ func resolveHost(attrs map[string]any) string {
 			if ip, ok := nb["ip"].(string); ok && ip != "" {
 				return ip
 			}
+			// Seeds record the mesh name, not an address — ws:mac-mini
+			// carries only `fqdn`, which is why it resolved to nothing.
+			if fqdn, ok := nb["fqdn"].(string); ok && fqdn != "" {
+				return fqdn
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	if ip, ok := attrs["mesh_ip"].(string); ok && ip != "" {
 		return ip
 	}
+	for _, key := range []string{"host", "address", "public_host"} {
+		if v, ok := attrs[key].(string); ok && v != "" {
+			return v
+		}
+	}
 	return ""
 }
 
@@ -57,148 +424,17 @@ func resolveSSHPort(attrs map[string]any) int {
 	return 22
 }
 
-func forEntityType(entityType string, attrs map[string]any) []CheckDef {
-	host := resolveHost(attrs)
-	user := resolveSSHUser(attrs)
-	port := resolveSSHPort(attrs)
-
-	ssh := func(script string) CheckDef {
-		return CheckDef{Kind: "ssh-script", Script: script, Host: host, User: user, Port: port}
-	}
-
-	switch entityType {
-	case "proxmox-host", "standalone-server":
-		if host == "" {
-			return nil
+// LogResult emits the one line that was missing: a type that asked for
+// monitoring and did not get it.
+func LogResult(slug, entityType string, res Result) {
+	switch {
+	case res.Undeclared:
+		slog.Info("checkdefaults: type declares no monitoring",
+			"entity", slug, "type", entityType)
+	case len(res.Skipped) > 0:
+		for _, s := range res.Skipped {
+			slog.Warn("checkdefaults: declared check not created",
+				"entity", slug, "type", entityType, "kind", s.Kind, "reason", s.Reason)
 		}
-		return []CheckDef{
-			{Kind: "ping", Host: host},
-			ssh("cpu_check.sh"),
-			ssh("memory_check.sh"),
-			ssh("load_check.sh"),
-			ssh("disk_usage_check.sh"),
-			ssh("updates_check.sh"),
-		}
-	case "workstation":
-		if host == "" {
-			return nil
-		}
-		return []CheckDef{
-			{Kind: "ping", Host: host},
-			ssh("cpu_check.sh"),
-			ssh("memory_check.sh"),
-			ssh("load_check.sh"),
-		}
-	case "lxc":
-		if host == "" {
-			return nil
-		}
-		return []CheckDef{
-			ssh("cpu_check.sh"),
-			ssh("memory_check.sh"),
-			ssh("load_check.sh"),
-			ssh("disk_usage_check.sh"),
-		}
-	case "vm":
-		if host == "" {
-			return nil
-		}
-		return []CheckDef{
-			{Kind: "ping", Host: host},
-		}
-	case "service":
-		if host == "" {
-			return nil
-		}
-		n, _ := attrs["name"].(string)
-		if n == "" {
-			return nil
-		}
-		return []CheckDef{
-			{Kind: "ssh-script", Script: "process_check.sh", Host: host, User: user, Port: port,
-				Extra: map[string]any{"args": n}},
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func shortSlug(slug string) string {
-	const n = 8
-	if len(slug) > n {
-		return slug[len(slug)-n:]
-	}
-	return slug
-}
-
-func defaultInterval(kind string) int32 {
-	switch kind {
-	case "ping":
-		return 30
-	case "ssh-script":
-		return 60
-	default:
-		return 300
-	}
-}
-
-func Ensure(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, entityID uuid.UUID, slug, entityType string, attrsJSON []byte) {
-	_, _ = tx.Exec(ctx,
-		`INSERT INTO entity_status (entity_id, health, updated_at)
-		 VALUES ($1, 'unknown', now())
-		 ON CONFLICT (entity_id) DO NOTHING`,
-		entityID)
-
-	var attrs map[string]any
-	if len(attrsJSON) > 0 {
-		json.Unmarshal(attrsJSON, &attrs)
-	}
-	if attrs == nil {
-		attrs = map[string]any{}
-	}
-
-	defs := forEntityType(entityType, attrs)
-	if len(defs) == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-
-	for i, def := range defs {
-		checkID, err := uuid.NewV7()
-		if err != nil {
-			checkID = uuid.New()
-		}
-		checkSlug := fmt.Sprintf("check:%s:%s:%d", def.Kind, shortSlug(slug), i)
-
-		_, _ = tx.Exec(ctx,
-			`INSERT INTO entities (id, slug, type, name, state, attributes, version, created_at, updated_at)
-			 VALUES ($1, $2, 'check', $2, 'active', '{}', 1, now(), now())
-			 ON CONFLICT (slug) DO NOTHING`,
-			checkID, checkSlug)
-
-		configMap := map[string]any{}
-		if def.Script != "" {
-			configMap["script"] = def.Script
-		}
-		if def.Host != "" {
-			configMap["host"] = def.Host
-		}
-		if def.User != "" && def.User != "root" {
-			configMap["user"] = def.User
-		}
-		if def.Port != 0 && def.Port != 22 {
-			configMap["port"] = def.Port
-		}
-		if def.Thresholds != nil {
-			configMap["thresholds"] = def.Thresholds
-		}
-		for k, v := range def.Extra {
-			configMap[k] = v
-		}
-		configJSON, _ := json.Marshal(configMap)
-
-		_, _ = tx.Exec(ctx,
-			`INSERT INTO check_defs (entity_id, target_id, kind, config, interval_s, timeout_s, enabled)
-			 VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, 30, true)
-			 ON CONFLICT (entity_id) DO NOTHING`,
-			checkID, entityID, def.Kind, configJSON, defaultInterval(def.Kind))
 	}
 }

internal/checkdefaults/defaults_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+package checkdefaults
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// The attribute shapes here are copied from seeds/inventory.yaml. The original
+// resolveHost looked for lan_ip / mesh.netbird.ip / mesh_ip, none of which a
+// service or workstation actually carries — which is why 86 of 89 entities
+// ended up with no checks.
+func TestResolveHostAcceptsRealSeedShapes(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		desc  string
+		attrs map[string]any
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"lxc carries lan_ip", map[string]any{"lan_ip": "192.168.8.246"}, "192.168.8.246"},
+		{
+			"ws:mac-mini carries only a netbird fqdn",
+			map[string]any{"mesh": map[string]any{"netbird": map[string]any{
+				"fqdn": "mac-mini-234-17.netbird.selfhosted"}}},
+			"mac-mini-234-17.netbird.selfhosted",
+		},
+		{
+			"a netbird ip still wins over the fqdn",
+			map[string]any{"mesh": map[string]any{"netbird": map[string]any{
+				"ip": "100.122.0.10", "fqdn": "x.netbird.selfhosted"}}},
+			"100.122.0.10",
+		},
+		{"public_host as a last resort", map[string]any{"public_host": "media.hubris.network"}, "media.hubris.network"},
+		{"a service carries no address at all", map[string]any{
+			"url": "https://media.hubris.network", "port": 8096}, ""},
+		{"nil attrs", nil, ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if got := resolveHost(c.attrs); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: resolveHost = %q, want %q", c.desc, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHTTPURLPrefersAttributeThenName(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		desc  string
+		name  string
+		attrs map[string]any
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"explicit url wins", "jellyfin",
+			map[string]any{"url": "https://media.hubris.network"}, "https://media.hubris.network"},
+		{"public_host becomes https", "jellyfin",
+			map[string]any{"public_host": "media.hubris.network"}, "https://media.hubris.network"},
+		// Ingress routes carry the hostname as the entity name and usually
+		// declare no attributes at all.
+		{"hostname-shaped name", "media.hubris.network", nil, "https://media.hubris.network"},
+		{"a bare service name is not a hostname", "jellyfin", nil, ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		got := httpURL(Target{Name: c.name}, c.attrs)
+		if got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: httpURL = %q, want %q", c.desc, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildKindReportsWhyItSkipped(t *testing.T) {
+	// A declared kind that cannot be built must explain itself rather than
+	// vanish — that silence is what hid the coverage gap.
+	if defs, reason := buildKind(KindPing, Target{}, nil, "", "root", 22); len(defs) != 0 || reason == "" {
+		t.Errorf("ping without a host should skip with a reason, got %d defs / %q", len(defs), reason)
+	}
+	if defs, reason := buildKind(KindProcess, Target{Name: ""}, nil, "10.0.0.1", "root", 22); len(defs) != 0 || reason == "" {
+		t.Errorf("process without a name should skip with a reason, got %d defs / %q", len(defs), reason)
+	}
+	if defs, reason := buildKind("dns", Target{}, nil, "10.0.0.1", "root", 22); len(defs) != 0 || reason == "" {
+		t.Errorf("an unimplemented kind should skip with a reason, got %d defs / %q", len(defs), reason)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildKindProcessPassesTheUnitName(t *testing.T) {
+	// process_check.sh reads $1 and answers "no service name provided"
+	// without it. checkdefaults always wrote args; nothing read them.
+	defs, reason := buildKind(KindProcess, Target{Name: "jellyfin"}, nil, "10.0.0.1", "root", 22)
+	if len(defs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one process check, got %d (%s)", len(defs), reason)
+	}
+	if got := defs[0].config["args"]; got != "jellyfin" {
+		t.Errorf("process check args = %v, want jellyfin", got)
+	}
+	if got := defs[0].config["script"]; got != "process_check.sh" {
+		t.Errorf("process check script = %v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildKindHTTPUsesAStatusRangeNotAnExactCode(t *testing.T) {
+	// Most services sit behind Authentik and answer 302/401.
+	defs, _ := buildKind(KindHTTP, Target{Name: "jellyfin"},
+		map[string]any{"url": "https://media.hubris.network"}, "", "root", 22)
+	if len(defs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one http check, got %d", len(defs))
+	}
+	if got := defs[0].config["max_status"]; got != 500 {
+		t.Errorf("max_status = %v, want 500", got)
+	}
+	if _, exact := defs[0].config["expected_status"]; exact {
+		t.Error("default http checks must not pin an exact status")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildKindResourceExpandsToFourScripts(t *testing.T) {
+	defs, _ := buildKind(KindResource, Target{}, nil, "10.0.0.1", "root", 22)
+	if len(defs) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("resource should expand to 4 checks, got %d", len(defs))
+	}
+	for _, d := range defs {
+		if d.kind != "ssh-script" {
+			t.Errorf("resource check kind = %q, want ssh-script", d.kind)
+		}
+		if d.config["host"] != "10.0.0.1" {
+			t.Errorf("resource check lost its host: %v", d.config)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/db/integration_test.go

@@ -167,6 +167,62 @@ func TestSeedIngestIdempotentAndNoDuplicateEdges(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Regression: insertOneEntityType read tMap["attribute_schema"], but
+// seeds/ontology.yaml spells the key `attributes:`. The mismatch marshalled a
+// nil into the JSON literal `null` for every one of the 60 types, so no
+// attribute schema was ever ingested — the API and `oikos export` returned
+// null across the board, silently, for the life of the project.
+func TestSeedIngestsAttributeSchemas(t *testing.T) {
+	pool := newTestPool(t)
+	seedAll(t, pool, seedsDir())
+
+	if n := count(t, pool,
+		`SELECT count(*) FROM entity_types WHERE attribute_schema = 'null'::jsonb`); n != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("%d entity types stored the JSON literal null instead of a schema or SQL NULL", n)
+	}
+
+	if n := count(t, pool,
+		`SELECT count(*) FROM entity_types WHERE jsonb_typeof(attribute_schema) = 'object'`); n == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("no entity type ingested an attribute schema")
+	}
+
+	// A type declaring `attributes:` must round-trip its properties.
+	if n := count(t, pool, `SELECT count(*) FROM entity_types
+		WHERE name = 'lxc' AND attribute_schema #>> '{properties,pve_id,type}' = 'integer'`); n != 1 {
+		t.Error("lxc.attribute_schema lost its declared pve_id property")
+	}
+
+	// A type declaring none stores SQL NULL, not a JSON null.
+	if n := count(t, pool, `SELECT count(*) FROM entity_types
+		WHERE name = 'sensor' AND attribute_schema IS NULL`); n != 1 {
+		t.Error("a type declaring no attributes should store SQL NULL")
+	}
+}
+
+// monitoring_spec drives which entities coverageSweep may flag as unmonitored,
+// so the three states have to survive ingest distinctly: SQL NULL (undeclared,
+// resolved from an ancestor or the layer default), '[]' (explicitly
+// unmonitorable), and a non-empty array (the kinds the type warrants).
+func TestSeedIngestsMonitoringSpec(t *testing.T) {
+	pool := newTestPool(t)
+	seedAll(t, pool, seedsDir())
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		typ, where, desc string
+	}{
+		{"service", `monitoring_spec = '["http","process"]'::jsonb`, "declared kinds"},
+		{"machine", `monitoring_spec = '["ping","resource","updates"]'::jsonb`, "declared on an abstract type"},
+		{"site", `monitoring_spec = '[]'::jsonb`, "explicitly unmonitorable"},
+		{"lxc", `monitoring_spec IS NULL`, "inherits from container, so its own column is NULL"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if n := count(t, pool, fmt.Sprintf(
+			`SELECT count(*) FROM entity_types WHERE name = '%s' AND %s`, c.typ, c.where)); n != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("%s (%s): monitoring_spec did not match %s", c.typ, c.desc, c.where)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAbstractTypeRejected(t *testing.T) {
 	pool := newTestPool(t)
 	seedAll(t, pool, seedsDir())

internal/db/queries/operations.sql

@@ -55,12 +55,20 @@ FROM events WHERE id > $1 ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT $2;
 -- =====================================================================
 
 -- name: ListEnabledCheckDefs :many
+-- Enabled AND due. interval_s used to be selected but never filtered on, so
+-- every check ran on every 30s pass and the declared intervals meant nothing.
+-- NULL last_run_at = never run = due now.
 SELECT cd.entity_id, cd.target_id, cd.target_type, cd.kind, cd.config,
        cd.interval_s, cd.timeout_s, cd.zone, cd.enabled, cd.updated_at,
        e.slug AS entity_slug
 FROM check_defs cd
 JOIN entities e ON e.id = cd.entity_id
-WHERE cd.enabled = true;
+WHERE cd.enabled = true
+  AND (cd.last_run_at IS NULL
+       OR cd.last_run_at <= now() - make_interval(secs => cd.interval_s));
+
+-- name: MarkCheckRun :exec
+UPDATE check_defs SET last_run_at = now() WHERE entity_id = $1;
 
 -- name: GetCheckDef :one
 SELECT * FROM check_defs WHERE entity_id = $1;

internal/db/seed.go

@@ -13,14 +13,15 @@ import (
 
 // SeedResult holds counts from a seed ingest operation.
 type SeedResult struct {
-	Lifecycles       int
-	EntityTypes      int
+	Lifecycles        int
+	EntityTypes       int
 	RelationshipTypes int
-	Entities         int
-	Relationships    int
-	RiskClasses      int
-	ApprovalRules    int
-	AutonomySettings int
+	Entities          int
+	Relationships     int
+	RiskClasses       int
+	ApprovalRules     int
+	AutonomySettings  int
+	Checks            int
 }
 
 // IngestOntologySeed ingests seeds/ontology.yaml into the DB.
@@ -96,6 +97,7 @@ func IngestInventorySeed(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, data map[string]any) (*
 	// Entities
 	entities, _ := data["entities"].([]any)
 	entityTypes := make(map[string]string) // slug -> type, for edge validation
+	var pendingChecks []checkdefaults.Target
 	for _, raw := range entities {
 		eMap, ok := raw.(map[string]any)
 		if !ok {
@@ -144,7 +146,12 @@ func IngestInventorySeed(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, data map[string]any) (*
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("entity_status %s: %w", slug, err)
 		}
 
-		checkdefaults.Ensure(ctx, tx, entityID, slug, typeName, attrsBytes)
+		// Default checks are deferred until after relationships are ingested:
+		// a service has no address of its own and inherits its container's,
+		// which means the hosting edge has to exist first.
+		pendingChecks = append(pendingChecks, checkdefaults.Target{
+			ID: entityID, Slug: slug, Type: typeName, Name: name, Attrs: attrsBytes,
+		})
 
 		r.Entities++
 	}
@@ -208,6 +215,19 @@ func IngestInventorySeed(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, data map[string]any) (*
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	// Default checks, now that hosting edges exist. Errors here are fatal:
+	// swallowing them is what let a foreign-key violation abort the ingest
+	// transaction while surfacing as an unrelated failure several entities
+	// later.
+	for _, target := range pendingChecks {
+		res, err := checkdefaults.Ensure(ctx, tx, tree, target)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("default checks for %s: %w", target.Slug, err)
+		}
+		checkdefaults.LogResult(target.Slug, target.Type, res)
+		r.Checks += res.Created
+	}
+
 	return r, nil
 }
 
@@ -361,19 +381,68 @@ func insertOneEntityType(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, name string, tMap map[s
 	layer, _ := tMap["layer"].(string)
 	desc, _ := tMap["description"].(string)
 	lifecycleID, _ := tMap["lifecycle"].(string)
-	attrSchema := tMap["attribute_schema"]
 
-	schemaBytes, _ := json.Marshal(attrSchema)
+	// seeds/ontology.yaml spells this `attributes:`. Reading it as
+	// "attribute_schema" silently marshalled nil to the JSON literal `null`
+	// for every type, so no attribute schema was ever ingested — the API and
+	// `oikos export` returned null for all 60 types.
+	attrSchema := tMap["attributes"]
 	_, err := tx.Exec(ctx,
 		`INSERT INTO entity_types (name, parent_type, is_abstract, domain, layer, description,
-		     lifecycle_id, attribute_schema, schema_version, status, created_at, updated_at)
-		 VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, 1, 'active', now(), now())
+		     lifecycle_id, attribute_schema, monitoring_spec, schema_version, status, created_at, updated_at)
+		 VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, 1, 'active', now(), now())
 		 ON CONFLICT (name) DO UPDATE SET parent_type = $2, is_abstract = $3, domain = $4,
-		   layer = $5, description = $6, lifecycle_id = $7, attribute_schema = $8, updated_at = now()`,
-		name, nullableStr(parent), isAbstract, domain, layer, desc, nullableStr(lifecycleID), nullableStr(string(schemaBytes)))
+		   layer = $5, description = $6, lifecycle_id = $7, attribute_schema = $8,
+		   monitoring_spec = $9, updated_at = now()`,
+		name, nullableStr(parent), isAbstract, domain, layer, desc, nullableStr(lifecycleID),
+		attributeSchemaJSON(attrSchema), monitoringSpecJSON(tMap["monitoring"]))
 	return err
 }
 
+// attributeSchemaJSON marshals a type's `attributes:` block for storage,
+// mapping "the type declares no schema" to SQL NULL rather than to the JSON
+// literal `null`. Both readers already treat a JSON `null` as absent, but a
+// real NULL is what `attribute_schema IS NULL` expects and is what the column
+// meant all along.
+func attributeSchemaJSON(v any) any {
+	if v == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	b, err := json.Marshal(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return string(b)
+}
+
+// monitoringSpecJSON normalises an entity type's `monitoring:` declaration into
+// the JSONB stored in entity_types.monitoring_spec. Three outcomes, and the
+// difference between the last two is load-bearing for coverage signalling:
+//
+//	absent          → nil   (SQL NULL) — undeclared, an ontology gap
+//	none | []       → "[]"            — explicitly unmonitorable, by design
+//	[http, resource]→ '["http","resource"]'
+//
+// `monitoring: none` is accepted as a more legible spelling of `[]`; YAML
+// parses the bare word as the string "none", not as null.
+func monitoringSpecJSON(v any) any {
+	switch spec := v.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return nil
+	case string:
+		if spec == "none" {
+			return "[]"
+		}
+		// A single kind written unquoted, e.g. `monitoring: http`.
+		b, _ := json.Marshal([]string{spec})
+		return string(b)
+	case []any:
+		b, _ := json.Marshal(toStringSlice(spec))
+		return string(b)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func toStringSlice(v any) []string {
 	if v == nil {
 		return nil
@@ -407,4 +476,3 @@ func keysOf(m map[string]map[string]any) []string {
 	}
 	return keys
 }
-

internal/db/sqlcgen/models.go

@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ type AgentSession struct {
 	Summary          string
 	EntityID         *uuid.UUID
 	CompletionNudges int32
+	Blocker          string
+	ClosedAt         *time.Time
 }
 
 type Approval struct {
@@ -110,6 +112,8 @@ type CheckDef struct {
 	Zone       *string
 	Enabled    bool
 	UpdatedAt  time.Time
+	// When this check last executed. NULL = never, due immediately. Compared against interval_s to decide due-ness.
+	LastRunAt *time.Time
 }
 
 type Classification struct {
@@ -177,6 +181,8 @@ type EntityType struct {
 	Status          string
 	CreatedAt       time.Time
 	UpdatedAt       time.Time
+	// Check kinds this type warrants, resolved through parent_type. NULL means undeclared (an ontology gap), [] means explicitly unmonitorable, ["http","resource"] means declared kinds. Populated from seeds/ontology.yaml.
+	MonitoringSpec []byte
 }
 
 type Event struct {
@@ -211,6 +217,14 @@ type Execution struct {
 	CreatedAt        time.Time
 }
 
+type ExecutionLog struct {
+	ExecutionID uuid.UUID
+	Ts          time.Time
+	Seq         int32
+	Stream      string
+	Chunk       string
+}
+
 type Feedback struct {
 	EntityID              uuid.UUID
 	ExecutionID           uuid.UUID

internal/db/sqlcgen/ontology.sql.go

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func (q *Queries) GetLifecycleForType(ctx context.Context, name string) (Lifecyc
 }
 
 const listEntityTypes = `-- name: ListEntityTypes :many
-SELECT name, parent_type, is_abstract, domain, layer, description, lifecycle_id, attribute_schema, schema_version, status, created_at, updated_at FROM entity_types ORDER BY name
+SELECT name, parent_type, is_abstract, domain, layer, description, lifecycle_id, attribute_schema, schema_version, status, created_at, updated_at, monitoring_spec FROM entity_types ORDER BY name
 `
 
 func (q *Queries) ListEntityTypes(ctx context.Context) ([]EntityType, error) {
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ func (q *Queries) ListEntityTypes(ctx context.Context) ([]EntityType, error) {
 			&i.Status,
 			&i.CreatedAt,
 			&i.UpdatedAt,
+			&i.MonitoringSpec,
 		); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}

internal/db/sqlcgen/operations.sql.go

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func (q *Queries) GetAutonomySetting(ctx context.Context, key string) (string, e
 }
 
 const getCheckDef = `-- name: GetCheckDef :one
-SELECT entity_id, target_id, target_type, kind, config, interval_s, timeout_s, zone, enabled, updated_at FROM check_defs WHERE entity_id = $1
+SELECT entity_id, target_id, target_type, kind, config, interval_s, timeout_s, zone, enabled, updated_at, last_run_at FROM check_defs WHERE entity_id = $1
 `
 
 func (q *Queries) GetCheckDef(ctx context.Context, entityID uuid.UUID) (CheckDef, error) {
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ func (q *Queries) GetCheckDef(ctx context.Context, entityID uuid.UUID) (CheckDef
 		&i.Zone,
 		&i.Enabled,
 		&i.UpdatedAt,
+		&i.LastRunAt,
 	)
 	return i, err
 }
@@ -695,6 +696,8 @@ SELECT cd.entity_id, cd.target_id, cd.target_type, cd.kind, cd.config,
 FROM check_defs cd
 JOIN entities e ON e.id = cd.entity_id
 WHERE cd.enabled = true
+  AND (cd.last_run_at IS NULL
+       OR cd.last_run_at <= now() - make_interval(secs => cd.interval_s))
 `
 
 type ListEnabledCheckDefsRow struct {
@@ -714,6 +717,9 @@ type ListEnabledCheckDefsRow struct {
 // =====================================================================
 // Phase 3 queries
 // =====================================================================
+// Enabled AND due. interval_s used to be selected but never filtered on, so
+// every check ran on every 30s pass and the declared intervals meant nothing.
+// NULL last_run_at = never run = due now.
 func (q *Queries) ListEnabledCheckDefs(ctx context.Context) ([]ListEnabledCheckDefsRow, error) {
 	rows, err := q.db.Query(ctx, listEnabledCheckDefs)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1126,6 +1132,15 @@ func (q *Queries) ListSkills(ctx context.Context, status *string) ([]Skill, erro
 	return items, nil
 }
 
+const markCheckRun = `-- name: MarkCheckRun :exec
+UPDATE check_defs SET last_run_at = now() WHERE entity_id = $1
+`
+
+func (q *Queries) MarkCheckRun(ctx context.Context, entityID uuid.UUID) error {
+	_, err := q.db.Exec(ctx, markCheckRun, entityID)
+	return err
+}
+
 const putIdempotentResponse = `-- name: PutIdempotentResponse :exec
 INSERT INTO idempotency_keys (actor, key, request_hash, response_code, response_body)
 VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5)

internal/db/typetree.go

@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ func LoadTypeTree(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx) (*ontology.TypeTree, error) {
 	}
 
 	rows, err := tx.Query(ctx,
-		`SELECT name, COALESCE(parent_type,''), is_abstract, COALESCE(lifecycle_id,'')
+		`SELECT name, COALESCE(parent_type,''), is_abstract, COALESCE(lifecycle_id,''),
+		        layer, monitoring_spec
 		 FROM entity_types`)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("load entity_types: %w", err)
@@ -27,10 +28,16 @@ func LoadTypeTree(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx) (*ontology.TypeTree, error) {
 	for rows.Next() {
 		var name string
 		var info ontology.TypeInfo
-		if err := rows.Scan(&name, &info.Parent, &info.IsAbstract, &info.LifecycleID); err != nil {
+		// NULL monitoring_spec means the type declared nothing; '[]' means it
+		// declared "explicitly unmonitorable". Scanning through a pointer is
+		// what keeps those two apart — see ontology.TypeTree.Monitoring.
+		var monitoring *[]string
+		if err := rows.Scan(&name, &info.Parent, &info.IsAbstract, &info.LifecycleID,
+			&info.Layer, &monitoring); err != nil {
 			rows.Close()
 			return nil, err
 		}
+		info.Monitoring = monitoring
 		t.Types[name] = info
 	}
 	rows.Close()

internal/execlog/execlog.go

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+// Package execlog persists incremental command output for an execution and
+// announces it on the event stream.
+//
+// It exists as its own package because both SSH execution paths need it —
+// internal/mcp (the agent's auto-run windows) and internal/httpapi (the
+// post-approval actuator). Those two already carry near-identical copies of
+// sshExec, and every bug found in this area so far has been a case of the two
+// copies drifting apart; one shared sink is the cheap way not to repeat that.
+package execlog
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/db"
+	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/db/sqlcgen"
+	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/observability"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+// eventInterval throttles execution.output events. Chunks are persisted as
+// they arrive, but a chatty command (apt, a long build) can produce hundreds
+// per second and the SSE broker drops events for slow subscribers — flooding
+// it would push out the signal.* and approval.* events that actually need to
+// arrive. The event is only a "there is more output" ping; subscribers re-read
+// the rows.
+const eventInterval = time.Second
+
+// Sink receives output chunks as they arrive from a remote command.
+type Sink func(stream string, chunk []byte)
+
+// New returns a Sink that writes chunks to execution_logs and emits a
+// throttled execution.output event, plus a Flush to call when the command
+// finishes.
+//
+// The returned Sink is safe for concurrent use: stdout and stderr are written
+// from separate goroutines.
+func New(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, execID uuid.UUID, correlationID string) (Sink, func()) {
+	var (
+		mu        sync.Mutex
+		seq       int
+		lastEvent time.Time
+		pending   bool
+	)
+
+	emit := func() {
+		if err := observability.Event(ctx, sqlcgen.New(pool), "execution.output", &execID,
+			"info", "actuator", correlationID, map[string]any{"execution_id": execID.String()}); err != nil {
+			slog.Debug("execlog: emit output event", "error", err, "execution_id", execID)
+		}
+	}
+
+	sink := func(stream string, chunk []byte) {
+		if len(chunk) == 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		mu.Lock()
+		seq++
+		n := seq
+		mu.Unlock()
+
+		// A failed log write must never fail the command: this is observability,
+		// and the authoritative output still lands in executions.result at the
+		// end. Log and carry on.
+		if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx,
+			`INSERT INTO execution_logs (execution_id, seq, stream, chunk)
+			 VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4)`,
+			execID, n, stream, string(chunk)); err != nil {
+			slog.Debug("execlog: persist chunk", "error", err, "execution_id", execID)
+			return
+		}
+
+		mu.Lock()
+		due := time.Since(lastEvent) >= eventInterval
+		if due {
+			lastEvent = time.Now()
+			pending = false
+		} else {
+			pending = true
+		}
+		mu.Unlock()
+
+		if due {
+			emit()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Flush emits a final event when output arrived inside the throttle window,
+	// so the last few lines of a short command are not left unannounced.
+	flush := func() {
+		mu.Lock()
+		due := pending
+		pending = false
+		mu.Unlock()
+		if due {
+			emit()
+		}
+	}
+
+	return sink, flush
+}
+
+// Read returns an execution's persisted output in order.
+func Read(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, execID uuid.UUID, limit int) ([]Chunk, error) {
+	if limit <= 0 {
+		limit = 1000
+	}
+	rows, err := pool.Query(ctx,
+		`SELECT seq, stream, chunk, ts FROM execution_logs
+		 WHERE execution_id = $1 ORDER BY seq LIMIT $2`, execID, limit)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	var out []Chunk
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var c Chunk
+		if err := rows.Scan(&c.Seq, &c.Stream, &c.Chunk, &c.TS); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		out = append(out, c)
+	}
+	return out, rows.Err()
+}
+
+// Chunk is one persisted slice of command output.
+type Chunk struct {
+	Seq    int       `json:"seq"`
+	Stream string    `json:"stream"`
+	Chunk  string    `json:"chunk"`
+	TS     time.Time `json:"ts"`
+}

internal/httpapi/actuator.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package httpapi
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
@@ -9,10 +10,12 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/db"
 	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/db/sqlcgen"
+	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/execlog"
 	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/observability"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
@@ -71,7 +74,35 @@ func initSSH() {
 // report. Generous enough for a real apt/docker install; not infinite.
 const sshExecTimeout = 10 * time.Minute
 
+// streamWriter buffers everything it is given while forwarding each write to a
+// sink. One on session.Stdout and another sharing the same buffer on
+// session.Stderr reproduces CombinedOutput's interleaving in the order the
+// remote end produced it. Mirrors the twin in internal/mcp/server.go.
+type streamWriter struct {
+	mu     *sync.Mutex
+	buf    *bytes.Buffer
+	stream string
+	sink   execlog.Sink
+}
+
+func (w *streamWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	w.mu.Lock()
+	w.buf.Write(p)
+	w.mu.Unlock()
+	if w.sink != nil {
+		// Copy: the ssh library reuses p once Write returns.
+		w.sink(w.stream, append([]byte(nil), p...))
+	}
+	return len(p), nil
+}
+
 func sshExec(ctx context.Context, host, user, command string) (string, error) {
+	return sshExecStream(ctx, host, user, command, nil)
+}
+
+// sshExecStream runs a command and reports its combined output, forwarding
+// each chunk to sink as it arrives. A nil sink behaves exactly as before.
+func sshExecStream(ctx context.Context, host, user, command string, sink execlog.Sink) (string, error) {
 	initSSH()
 	if len(_sshKey) == 0 {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("no SSH key available")
@@ -105,50 +136,62 @@ func sshExec(ctx context.Context, host, user, command string) (string, error) {
 	}
 	defer session.Close()
 
-	type result struct {
-		out []byte
-		err error
+	var (
+		mu  sync.Mutex
+		buf bytes.Buffer
+	)
+	session.Stdout = &streamWriter{mu: &mu, buf: &buf, stream: "stdout", sink: sink}
+	session.Stderr = &streamWriter{mu: &mu, buf: &buf, stream: "stderr", sink: sink}
+
+	collected := func() string {
+		mu.Lock()
+		defer mu.Unlock()
+		return strings.TrimSpace(buf.String())
 	}
-	done := make(chan result, 1)
+
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
 	go func() {
 		// See internal/mcp/server.go's sshExec for why this recovers rather
 		// than letting a rare SSH-library panic crash the whole api process.
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				done <- result{nil, fmt.Errorf("panic in ssh exec: %v", r)}
+				done <- fmt.Errorf("panic in ssh exec: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		out, err := session.CombinedOutput(command)
-		done <- result{out, err}
+		// Run rather than CombinedOutput so the assigned writers are used;
+		// Run returns only after both streams are fully drained.
+		done <- session.Run(command)
 	}()
 
 	select {
-	case r := <-done:
-		text := strings.TrimSpace(string(r.out))
+	case err := <-done:
+		text := collected()
 		// A non-zero exit MUST surface as an error. The previous guard only
 		// errored when there was no output, so a `pct create` that printed
 		// "CT 132 already exists" and exited non-zero was reported as
 		// success — the execution was marked completed though nothing was
 		// provisioned.
-		if r.err != nil {
+		if err != nil {
 			if text != "" {
-				return text, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", r.err, text)
+				return text, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", err, text)
 			}
-			return text, fmt.Errorf("exec: %w", r.err)
+			return text, fmt.Errorf("exec: %w", err)
 		}
 		return text, nil
 	case <-time.After(sshExecTimeout):
 		// Close the session/client to hang up the remote side; the
-		// goroutine above will eventually exit once that unblocks
-		// CombinedOutput, but we don't wait for it — the caller needs an
-		// answer now, not an indefinite hang.
+		// goroutine above will eventually exit once that unblocks Run, but we
+		// don't wait for it — the caller needs an answer now, not an
+		// indefinite hang.
 		session.Close()
 		client.Close()
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("timed out after %s waiting for command to finish on %s", sshExecTimeout, host)
+		// Return what arrived before it hung, rather than "". A provisioning
+		// command that stalls halfway is precisely when its output matters.
+		return collected(), fmt.Errorf("timed out after %s waiting for command to finish on %s", sshExecTimeout, host)
 	case <-ctx.Done():
 		session.Close()
 		client.Close()
-		return "", ctx.Err()
+		return collected(), ctx.Err()
 	}
 }
 
@@ -231,7 +274,16 @@ func emitExecutionEvent(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, execID uuid.UUID, st
 	if status == "failed" {
 		severity = "warning"
 	}
-	_ = observability.Event(ctx, sqlcgen.New(pool), "execution."+status, &execID, severity, "actuator", "", detail)
+	// The correlation id was hardcoded to "", so execution events could not be
+	// tied back to the session that caused them — the one join you want when
+	// asking "what did this agent turn actually do?". It is already on the
+	// execution row; read it rather than threading it through eleven callers.
+	var correlationID string
+	if err := pool.QueryRow(ctx,
+		`SELECT correlation_id FROM executions WHERE entity_id = $1`, execID).Scan(&correlationID); err != nil {
+		correlationID = ""
+	}
+	_ = observability.Event(ctx, sqlcgen.New(pool), "execution."+status, &execID, severity, "actuator", correlationID, detail)
 	if status == "completed" || status == "failed" || status == "cancelled" {
 		closePlanStepForExecution(ctx, pool, execID, status)
 	}
@@ -280,6 +332,29 @@ func executeApprovedAction(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, execID uuid.UUID,
 	action, params := actionStr[:idx], actionStr[idx+1:]
 
 	startedAt := time.Now()
+	// Persist started_at now, not at the end. It was captured here but only
+	// written in the terminal UPDATE, so a running execution reported
+	// started_at = NULL for its entire life — the UI could not show how long
+	// anything had been going, which is exactly when you want to know.
+	if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx,
+		`UPDATE executions SET status = 'running', started_at = $2 WHERE entity_id = $1`,
+		execID, startedAt); err != nil {
+		slog.Error("httpapi: mark execution running", "error", err, "execution_id", execID)
+	}
+
+	// Stream output for the actions whose output an operator actually watches:
+	// a long apt upgrade, a pct create, an arbitrary approved `run`. The small
+	// internal lookups further down (listing template cache, pvesh nextid) stay
+	// unstreamed — they are plumbing, and logging them would bury the command
+	// the operator approved.
+	var correlationID string
+	if qerr := pool.QueryRow(ctx,
+		`SELECT correlation_id FROM executions WHERE entity_id = $1`, execID).Scan(&correlationID); qerr != nil {
+		correlationID = ""
+	}
+	sink, flushLogs := execlog.New(ctx, pool, execID, correlationID)
+	defer flushLogs()
+
 	var output, cmd string
 
 	switch action {
@@ -295,30 +370,30 @@ func executeApprovedAction(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, execID uuid.UUID,
 		default:
 			cmd = fmt.Sprintf("systemctl %s %s 2>&1", params, svc)
 		}
-		output, err = sshExec(ctx, host, user, cmd)
+		output, err = sshExecStream(ctx, host, user, cmd, sink)
 
 	case "apt_upgrade":
 		svc := strings.TrimPrefix(targetSlug, "lxc:")
 		cmd = fmt.Sprintf("apt update -qq 2>&1 >/dev/null && apt upgrade -y -qq 2>&1; echo '---'; systemctl is-active %s || true", svc)
-		output, err = sshExec(ctx, host, user, cmd)
+		output, err = sshExecStream(ctx, host, user, cmd, sink)
 
 	case "pct_create":
 		var cfg struct {
-			VMID        int      `json:"vmid"`
-			Hostname    string   `json:"hostname"`
-			Cores       int      `json:"cores"`
-			Memory      int      `json:"memory"`
-			DiskGB      int      `json:"disk_gb"`
-			IP          string   `json:"ip"`
-			GW          string   `json:"gw"`
-			Bridge      string   `json:"bridge"` // e.g. vmbr0/vmbr1 — which bridge actually reaches the target subnet on this host varies per host, don't assume vmbr0
-			Storage     string   `json:"storage"`
-			Template    string   `json:"template"`
-			Privileged  flexBool `json:"privileged"`
-			Nesting     flexBool `json:"nesting"`
-			Mounts      []string `json:"mounts"`
-			Nameserver  string   `json:"nameserver"`
-			Searchdomain string  `json:"searchdomain"`
+			VMID         int      `json:"vmid"`
+			Hostname     string   `json:"hostname"`
+			Cores        int      `json:"cores"`
+			Memory       int      `json:"memory"`
+			DiskGB       int      `json:"disk_gb"`
+			IP           string   `json:"ip"`
+			GW           string   `json:"gw"`
+			Bridge       string   `json:"bridge"` // e.g. vmbr0/vmbr1 — which bridge actually reaches the target subnet on this host varies per host, don't assume vmbr0
+			Storage      string   `json:"storage"`
+			Template     string   `json:"template"`
+			Privileged   flexBool `json:"privileged"`
+			Nesting      flexBool `json:"nesting"`
+			Mounts       []string `json:"mounts"`
+			Nameserver   string   `json:"nameserver"`
+			Searchdomain string   `json:"searchdomain"`
 			// No services/post_install here anymore — pct_create is atomic
 			// (create + start + register only). Installing packages and
 			// running setup scripts is the agent's job via follow-up `run`
@@ -504,7 +579,7 @@ func executeApprovedAction(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, execID uuid.UUID,
 		}
 
 		slog.Info("httpapi: pct_create running", "vmid", cfg.VMID, "hostname", cfg.Hostname, "cmd", createCmd)
-		output, err = sshExec(ctx, host, user, createCmd)
+		output, err = sshExecStream(ctx, host, user, createCmd, sink)
 
 		// pct_create is now DELIBERATELY ATOMIC: create + start + register,
 		// nothing else. It used to also run apt installs and a post_install
@@ -579,7 +654,7 @@ func executeApprovedAction(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, execID uuid.UUID,
 			return
 		}
 		cmd = wrap(cfg.Command)
-		output, err = sshExec(ctx, host, user, cmd)
+		output, err = sshExecStream(ctx, host, user, cmd, sink)
 
 	default:
 		slog.Error("httpapi: unknown gated action for approved execution", "action", action, "execution_id", execID)

internal/httpapi/default_checks.go

@@ -4,10 +4,30 @@ import (
 	"context"
 
 	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/checkdefaults"
+	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/db"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
 )
 
-func ensureDefaultChecks(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, entityID uuid.UUID, slug, entityType string, attrsJSON []byte) {
-	checkdefaults.Ensure(ctx, tx, entityID, slug, entityType, attrsJSON)
+// ensureDefaultChecks derives an entity's default checks from the monitoring
+// kinds its type declares.
+//
+// Note the ordering caveat: an entity created through the API usually has no
+// edges yet, so a type whose address comes from its host (a service) will
+// produce no checks on this pass. That gap is real and deliberately visible —
+// coverageSweep reports it, and the next inventory ingest fills it in once
+// the hosting edge exists.
+func ensureDefaultChecks(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, entityID uuid.UUID, slug, entityType, name string, attrsJSON []byte) error {
+	tree, err := db.LoadTypeTree(ctx, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	res, err := checkdefaults.Ensure(ctx, tx, tree, checkdefaults.Target{
+		ID: entityID, Slug: slug, Type: entityType, Name: name, Attrs: attrsJSON,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	checkdefaults.LogResult(slug, entityType, res)
+	return nil
 }

internal/httpapi/execution_logs.go

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package httpapi
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/execlog"
+	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+// serveExecutionLogs returns an execution's streamed command output.
+//
+// Registered as a carve-out rather than through the OpenAPI codegen for the
+// same reason as /activity/recent: it is a recency-ordered projection with no
+// schema type yet. Without this the execution_logs rows would be write-only —
+// which is the exact shape of the bugs this whole change set has been about.
+func (s *Server) serveExecutionLogs(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
+	ctx := req.Context()
+
+	rawID := chi.URLParam(req, "id")
+	execID, err := uuid.Parse(rawID)
+	if err != nil {
+		writeProblem(w, req, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid execution id", rawID)
+		return
+	}
+
+	limit := 1000
+	if l := req.URL.Query().Get("limit"); l != "" {
+		if n, perr := strconv.Atoi(l); perr == nil && n > 0 && n <= 5000 {
+			limit = n
+		}
+	}
+
+	chunks, err := execlog.Read(ctx, s.pool, execID, limit)
+	if err != nil {
+		writeProblem(w, req, http.StatusInternalServerError, "query failed", err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Also hand back the concatenation, since that is what a caller tailing
+	// output actually wants to render.
+	var combined strings.Builder
+	for _, c := range chunks {
+		combined.WriteString(c.Chunk)
+	}
+
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]any{
+		"items":    chunks,
+		"combined": combined.String(),
+	})
+}

internal/httpapi/executions.go

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/db/sqlcgen"
 	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/domain"
@@ -15,8 +17,22 @@ import (
 
 // ─── Executions ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+// ListExecutions returns executions newest-first.
+//
+// The target/action/correlation_id filters are declared in the OpenAPI spec and
+// generated into the request struct, but were never bound — so
+// `GET /executions?target=<id>` silently returned the first page of the whole
+// fleet. Ordering was by target slug, which is neither useful for a history
+// view nor unique enough to paginate on: several executions share a target, so
+// a slug cursor could skip or repeat rows.
 func (s *Server) ListExecutions(ctx context.Context, req gen.ListExecutionsRequestObject) (gen.ListExecutionsResponseObject, error) {
 	limit := clampLimit(req.Params.Limit)
+
+	cursorTime, cursorID, err := parseExecutionCursor(req.Params.Cursor)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	rows, err := s.pool.Query(ctx, `
 		SELECT e.entity_id, e.classification_id::text, e.signal_entity_id::text,
 		       e.target_entity_id, e.action, e.risk_class,
@@ -27,10 +43,18 @@ func (s *Server) ListExecutions(ctx context.Context, req gen.ListExecutionsReque
 		FROM executions e
 		JOIN entities te ON te.id = e.target_entity_id
 		WHERE ($1::text IS NULL OR e.status = $1)
-		  AND ($2::text IS NULL OR te.slug > $2)
-		ORDER BY te.slug
-		LIMIT $3`,
-		req.Params.Status, req.Params.Cursor, limit+1)
+		  -- target accepts a slug or a uuid: the SPA passes an entity id,
+		  -- while a human poking the API reaches for the slug.
+		  AND ($2::text IS NULL OR te.slug = $2 OR e.target_entity_id::text = $2)
+		  -- the run tool encodes action as "run:{json}", so match the verb too
+		  AND ($3::text IS NULL OR e.action = $3 OR split_part(e.action, ':', 1) = $3)
+		  AND ($4::text IS NULL OR e.correlation_id = $4)
+		  AND ($5::timestamptz IS NULL
+		       OR (e.created_at, e.entity_id) < ($5::timestamptz, $6::uuid))
+		ORDER BY e.created_at DESC, e.entity_id DESC
+		LIMIT $7`,
+		req.Params.Status, req.Params.Target, req.Params.Action, req.Params.CorrelationId,
+		cursorTime, cursorID, limit+1)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -64,7 +88,9 @@ func (s *Server) ListExecutions(ctx context.Context, req gen.ListExecutionsReque
 	var next *string
 	if len(items) > limit {
 		items = items[:limit]
-		next = &items[len(items)-1].Slug
+		last := items[len(items)-1]
+		cursor := formatExecutionCursor(last.CreatedAt, last.Id)
+		next = &cursor
 	}
 	if items == nil {
 		items = []gen.Execution{}
@@ -72,6 +98,32 @@ func (s *Server) ListExecutions(ctx context.Context, req gen.ListExecutionsReque
 	return gen.ListExecutions200JSONResponse{Items: items, NextCursor: next}, nil
 }
 
+// Executions are ordered by (created_at DESC, entity_id DESC), so the cursor
+// has to carry both — created_at alone is not unique, and paginating on a
+// non-unique key drops or repeats rows at page boundaries.
+func formatExecutionCursor(createdAt time.Time, id uuid.UUID) string {
+	return createdAt.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339Nano) + "," + id.String()
+}
+
+func parseExecutionCursor(cursor *string) (*time.Time, *uuid.UUID, error) {
+	if cursor == nil || *cursor == "" {
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+	rawTime, rawID, ok := strings.Cut(*cursor, ",")
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, nil, domain.ErrInvalidInput
+	}
+	t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, rawTime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, domain.ErrInvalidInput
+	}
+	id, err := uuid.Parse(rawID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, domain.ErrInvalidInput
+	}
+	return &t, &id, nil
+}
+
 func (s *Server) GetExecution(ctx context.Context, req gen.GetExecutionRequestObject) (gen.GetExecutionResponseObject, error) {
 	id, err := s.resolveEntityID(ctx, req.Id)
 	if err != nil {

internal/httpapi/executions_cursor_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package httpapi
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+// The cursor carries both created_at and entity_id because executions are
+// ordered by the pair. created_at alone is not unique — several executions can
+// share a millisecond — and paginating on a non-unique key silently drops or
+// repeats rows at page boundaries. The previous cursor was the target slug,
+// which is far less unique still: every execution against the same host shares
+// it.
+func TestExecutionCursorRoundTrips(t *testing.T) {
+	created := time.Date(2026, 7, 28, 9, 15, 30, 123456789, time.UTC)
+	id := uuid.MustParse("018f3a2b-0000-7000-8000-000000000042")
+
+	cursor := formatExecutionCursor(created, id)
+
+	gotTime, gotID, err := parseExecutionCursor(&cursor)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !gotTime.Equal(created) {
+		t.Errorf("time round-trip: got %v, want %v", gotTime, created)
+	}
+	if *gotID != id {
+		t.Errorf("id round-trip: got %v, want %v", *gotID, id)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExecutionCursorNanosecondsSurvive(t *testing.T) {
+	// Truncating to seconds would make the cursor ambiguous for executions
+	// started in the same second, which is the normal case for a plan whose
+	// steps run back to back.
+	a := time.Date(2026, 7, 28, 9, 15, 30, 1, time.UTC)
+	b := time.Date(2026, 7, 28, 9, 15, 30, 2, time.UTC)
+	id := uuid.New()
+
+	if formatExecutionCursor(a, id) == formatExecutionCursor(b, id) {
+		t.Error("cursors one nanosecond apart must not collide")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExecutionCursorRejectsGarbage(t *testing.T) {
+	empty := ""
+	tm, id, err := parseExecutionCursor(&empty)
+	if err != nil || tm != nil || id != nil {
+		t.Errorf("empty cursor should mean 'no cursor', got %v/%v/%v", tm, id, err)
+	}
+
+	if tm, id, err := parseExecutionCursor(nil); err != nil || tm != nil || id != nil {
+		t.Errorf("nil cursor should mean 'no cursor', got %v/%v/%v", tm, id, err)
+	}
+
+	for _, bad := range []string{"nonsense", "2026-07-28T09:15:30Z", "notatime,018f3a2b-0000-7000-8000-000000000042", "2026-07-28T09:15:30Z,notauuid"} {
+		b := bad
+		if _, _, err := parseExecutionCursor(&b); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("cursor %q should have been rejected", bad)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/httpapi/impl.go

@@ -999,7 +999,9 @@ func (s *Server) CreateEntity(ctx context.Context, req gen.CreateEntityRequestOb
 		return nil, eventErr
 	}
 
-	ensureDefaultChecks(ctx, tx, inserted.ID, slug, req.Body.Type, attrsJSON)
+	if err := ensureDefaultChecks(ctx, tx, inserted.ID, slug, req.Body.Type, inserted.Name, attrsJSON); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 
 	if err := tx.Commit(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -1265,7 +1267,9 @@ func (s *Server) EnrollClient(ctx context.Context, req gen.EnrollClientRequestOb
 		"info", "oikos-api", "",
 		map[string]any{"slug": req.Body.Slug, "type": current.Type})
 
-	ensureDefaultChecks(ctx, tx, id, req.Body.Slug, current.Type, attrsJSON)
+	if err := ensureDefaultChecks(ctx, tx, id, req.Body.Slug, current.Type, current.Name, attrsJSON); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 
 	if err := tx.Commit(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err

internal/httpapi/server.go

@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ func NewHandler(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, cfg config.Config) http.Hand
 	//   /api/v1/knowledge/merge        — bulk fold-in, ad-hoc
 	//   /api/v1/activity/recent        — recency-ordered, not paginated
 	//   /api/v1/activity/session/{id}  — session-scoped aggregation
+	//   /api/v1/executions/{id}/logs   — streamed command output, no schema type
 	//   /api/v1/learning/timeline      — derived view, no backing schema type
 	//   /api/v1/learning/trend         — derived view, no backing schema type
 	//
@@ -241,6 +242,11 @@ func NewHandler(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, cfg config.Config) http.Hand
 	// per-session "what did this session do" digest.
 	// (See "Non-OpenAPI routes" carve-out block above.)
 	r.With(combinedAuth(cfg, false)).Get("/api/v1/activity/recent", s.serveRecentActivity)
+	// Streamed command output for one execution — a projection over
+	// execution_logs with no schema type yet (same carve-out rationale as
+	// /activity/recent above). Nests cleanly under the generated
+	// /executions/{id} subtree: chi accepts sibling children on a param node.
+	r.With(combinedAuth(cfg, false)).Get("/api/v1/executions/{id}/logs", s.serveExecutionLogs)
 	r.With(combinedAuth(cfg, false)).Get("/api/v1/activity/session/{id}", s.serveSessionDigest)
 
 	// Learning view: capability timeline + success trend, both derived from
@@ -383,10 +389,10 @@ func staticTokenActor(cfg config.Config, raw string) (actor, bool) {
 // jwtVerificationKey holds a parsed RSA public key or HMAC secret for JWT
 // verification, identified by its key ID (kid).
 type jwtVerificationKey struct {
-	Kid     string
-	Alg     string
-	Key     any // *rsa.PublicKey or []byte for HMAC
-	IsHMAC  bool
+	Kid    string
+	Alg    string
+	Key    any // *rsa.PublicKey or []byte for HMAC
+	IsHMAC bool
 }
 
 // discoverJWKSURI fetches the OIDC discovery document and extracts the
@@ -632,8 +638,8 @@ func resolveOIDCTokenURL(issuer string) string {
 func (s *Server) serveOIDCConfig(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request, cfg config.Config) {
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]string{
-		"issuer":                cfg.OIDCIssuer,
-		"client_id":             cfg.OIDCClientID,
+		"issuer":                 cfg.OIDCIssuer,
+		"client_id":              cfg.OIDCClientID,
 		"authorization_endpoint": resolveOIDCEndpointURL(cfg.OIDCIssuer, "/authorize/"),
 	})
 }

internal/mcp/server.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/db"
 	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/db/sqlcgen"
+	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/execlog"
 	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/observability"
 	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/policy"
 	"github.com/google/jsonschema-go/jsonschema"
@@ -329,7 +330,37 @@ func initSSH() {
 // goroutine forever with no way for the caller to ever get an answer.
 const sshExecTimeout = 10 * time.Minute
 
+// streamWriter buffers everything it is given while forwarding each write to a
+// sink. Assigning one to session.Stdout and another (sharing the same buffer)
+// to session.Stderr reproduces CombinedOutput's interleaving exactly, in the
+// order the remote end actually produced it — which reading from StdoutPipe
+// and StderrPipe separately would not guarantee.
+type streamWriter struct {
+	mu     *sync.Mutex
+	buf    *bytes.Buffer
+	stream string
+	sink   execlog.Sink
+}
+
+func (w *streamWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	w.mu.Lock()
+	w.buf.Write(p)
+	w.mu.Unlock()
+	if w.sink != nil {
+		// Copy: the ssh library reuses p after Write returns, and the sink
+		// hands the bytes to a DB call that may outlive this frame.
+		w.sink(w.stream, append([]byte(nil), p...))
+	}
+	return len(p), nil
+}
+
 func sshExec(ctx context.Context, host, user, command string) (string, error) {
+	return sshExecStream(ctx, host, user, command, nil)
+}
+
+// sshExecStream runs a command and reports its combined output, forwarding
+// each chunk to sink as it arrives. A nil sink behaves exactly as before.
+func sshExecStream(ctx context.Context, host, user, command string, sink execlog.Sink) (string, error) {
 	initSSH()
 	if len(sshKey) == 0 {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("no SSH key available")
@@ -363,16 +394,28 @@ func sshExec(ctx context.Context, host, user, command string) (string, error) {
 	}
 	defer session.Close()
 
-	type result struct {
-		out []byte
-		err error
+	var (
+		mu  sync.Mutex
+		buf bytes.Buffer
+	)
+	session.Stdout = &streamWriter{mu: &mu, buf: &buf, stream: "stdout", sink: sink}
+	session.Stderr = &streamWriter{mu: &mu, buf: &buf, stream: "stderr", sink: sink}
+
+	// collected returns whatever output has arrived so far. Callable while the
+	// command is still running, which is what makes partial output on timeout
+	// possible.
+	collected := func() string {
+		mu.Lock()
+		defer mu.Unlock()
+		return strings.TrimSpace(buf.String())
 	}
-	done := make(chan result, 1)
+
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
 	go func() {
-		// Recovers a panic in CombinedOutput (SSH library internals, rare but
-		// not impossible) and reports it as a failed command instead of
-		// crashing the whole api process — every gated action runs through
-		// this function, so an unrecovered panic here would take down every
+		// Recovers a panic in the SSH library internals (rare but not
+		// impossible) and reports it as a failed command instead of crashing
+		// the whole api process — every gated action runs through this
+		// function, so an unrecovered panic here would take down every
 		// concurrently-running task's execution, not just this one. Without
 		// this, a panic would ALSO silently degrade to "wait out the full
 		// timeout" (done never receives, the select below falls through to
@@ -381,36 +424,40 @@ func sshExec(ctx context.Context, host, user, command string) (string, error) {
 		// finds out now, not after sshExecTimeout.
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				done <- result{nil, fmt.Errorf("panic in ssh exec: %v", r)}
+				done <- fmt.Errorf("panic in ssh exec: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		out, err := session.CombinedOutput(command)
-		done <- result{out, err}
+		// Run rather than CombinedOutput so the assigned writers are used;
+		// Run returns only after both streams have been fully drained.
+		done <- session.Run(command)
 	}()
 
 	select {
-	case r := <-done:
-		text := strings.TrimSpace(string(r.out))
+	case err := <-done:
+		text := collected()
 		// A non-zero exit MUST surface as an error — matching the fix
 		// applied to httpapi's sshExec (this copy still had the original
 		// bug: only erroring when there was no output at all, so a command
 		// that failed but printed something was silently reported as
 		// success).
-		if r.err != nil {
+		if err != nil {
 			if text != "" {
-				return text, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", r.err, text)
+				return text, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", err, text)
 			}
-			return text, fmt.Errorf("exec: %w", r.err)
+			return text, fmt.Errorf("exec: %w", err)
 		}
 		return text, nil
 	case <-time.After(sshExecTimeout):
 		session.Close()
 		client.Close()
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("timed out after %s waiting for command to finish on %s", sshExecTimeout, host)
+		// Return what the command managed to print before it hung. This used
+		// to return "", discarding everything — so a hung command, the case
+		// where the output matters most, was the one case that left no trace.
+		return collected(), fmt.Errorf("timed out after %s waiting for command to finish on %s", sshExecTimeout, host)
 	case <-ctx.Done():
 		session.Close()
 		client.Close()
-		return "", ctx.Err()
+		return collected(), ctx.Err()
 	}
 }
 
@@ -631,6 +678,56 @@ func resolveProxmoxHostSlug(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, entitySlug, host
 // fleet's reverse proxy) executed instantly with no approval at all. Routing
 // every mutating path through the same classifier + approval-queue logic
 // closes that gap without special-casing each caller.
+// autoRun resolves a target, runs the command, and finalizes the execution
+// with full timing.
+//
+// The three auto-run windows (read-only, assent, destructive) each carried
+// their own copy of this logic, and none of them wrote duration_ms, started_at
+// or completed_at — so every auto-run execution landed in the ledger with no
+// timing at all, and the Ops "Duration" column was empty for exactly the
+// executions that run most often.
+func autoRun(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, id uuid.UUID, targetSlug, command string) (string, error) {
+	startedAt := time.Now()
+	if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx,
+		`UPDATE executions SET status='running', started_at=$2 WHERE entity_id=$1`,
+		id, startedAt); err != nil {
+		slog.Error("mcp: mark execution running", "error", err, "execution_id", id)
+	}
+
+	finalize := func(status string, result []byte) {
+		if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx,
+			`UPDATE executions SET status=$2, result=$3::jsonb, duration_ms=$4,
+			        started_at=$5, completed_at=now()
+			 WHERE entity_id=$1`,
+			id, status, result, int(time.Since(startedAt).Milliseconds()), startedAt); err != nil {
+			slog.Error("mcp: finalize execution", "error", err, "execution_id", id)
+		}
+	}
+
+	host, user, wrap, err := resolveExecTarget(ctx, pool, targetSlug)
+	if err != nil {
+		finalize("failed", jsonErr("%s", err.Error()))
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	var correlationID string
+	if qerr := pool.QueryRow(ctx,
+		`SELECT correlation_id FROM executions WHERE entity_id = $1`, id).Scan(&correlationID); qerr != nil {
+		correlationID = ""
+	}
+	sink, flush := execlog.New(ctx, pool, id, correlationID)
+
+	out, err := sshExecStream(ctx, host, user, wrap(command), sink)
+	flush()
+	if err != nil {
+		finalize("failed", jsonErr("%s: %s", err.Error(), out))
+		return out, err
+	}
+
+	finalize("completed", jsonOut(out))
+	return out, nil
+}
+
 func classifyAndGate(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, agentID, targetID uuid.UUID, targetSlug, command, purpose, declaredRisk, sessionID string) *mcp.CallToolResult {
 	riskClass := policy.ClassifyCommand(command, declaredRisk)
 	runParams, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]string{"command": command, "purpose": purpose})
@@ -686,7 +783,20 @@ func classifyAndGate(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, agentID, targetID uuid.
 	}
 
 	id, _ := uuid.NewV7()
-	correlationID := uuid.New().String()
+	// Correlate the execution to the chat session that asked for it. This was
+	// a fresh random UUID per execution, which correlated nothing — every row
+	// had a unique value, so the correlation_id column and the
+	// ?correlation_id= filter could only ever match one execution.
+	//
+	// Using the session id makes the field mean what it says ("what did this
+	// session do?") and is what lets the chat tail live output: execution
+	// events carry correlation_id, so the UI can match them to the session on
+	// screen without a lookup. Falls back to a random id when there is no
+	// session to scope to, keeping the column non-empty.
+	correlationID := sessionID
+	if correlationID == "" || correlationID == "ephemeral" {
+		correlationID = uuid.New().String()
+	}
 	execName := "run on " + targetSlug + " (" + id.String() + ")"
 	execSlug := "exec:" + targetSlug + ":" + id.String()
 	if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx, `INSERT INTO entities (id, slug, type, name, attributes) VALUES ($1, $2, 'execution', $3, '{}')`,
@@ -713,19 +823,29 @@ func classifyAndGate(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, agentID, targetID uuid.
 			id, "task:"+sessionID)
 	}
 
-	if riskClass == policy.RiskReadOnly {
-		host, user, wrap, rerr := resolveExecTarget(ctx, pool, targetSlug)
-		if rerr != nil {
-			pool.Exec(ctx, `UPDATE executions SET status='failed', result=$2::jsonb WHERE entity_id=$1`, id, jsonErr("%s", rerr.Error()))
-			return textResult(fmt.Sprintf("resolve target: %v", rerr))
-		}
-		out, xerr := sshExec(ctx, host, user, wrap(command))
+	// read_only and reversible_low both run unattended, as seeds/policy.yaml
+	// and .agents/OIKOS.md declare ("reversible_low — restart, cache clear,
+	// sync pull. Unattended + ledger.").
+	//
+	// reversible_low had no branch here, so it fell through to the gate. That
+	// looked stricter but was actually perverse: computeCommandRisk never
+	// returns reversible_low — the class can ONLY arise when the agent
+	// declares it on a command the classifier already scored read_only
+	// (ClassifyCommand keeps the higher of the two). So an agent that
+	// honestly flagged "this restarts something" got gated, while the same
+	// command with no declaration auto-ran. That penalised candor and gave
+	// the agent a reason to stay quiet.
+	//
+	// Auto-running it is no more permissive than the read_only branch above,
+	// because read_only is the only computed class it can accompany. An
+	// agent still cannot talk a command DOWN: declaring reversible_low on
+	// something computed as config_mutation keeps config_mutation.
+	if riskClass == policy.RiskReadOnly || riskClass == policy.RiskReversibleLow {
+		out, xerr := autoRun(ctx, pool, id, targetSlug, command)
 		if xerr != nil {
-			pool.Exec(ctx, `UPDATE executions SET status='failed', result=$2::jsonb WHERE entity_id=$1`, id, jsonErr("%s: %s", xerr.Error(), out))
 			return textResult(fmt.Sprintf("run on %s: ERROR %v\n%s", targetSlug, xerr, out))
 		}
-		pool.Exec(ctx, `UPDATE executions SET status='completed', result=$2::jsonb WHERE entity_id=$1`, id, jsonOut(out))
-		return textResult(fmt.Sprintf("run on %s (read_only, auto): %s", targetSlug, out))
+		return textResult(fmt.Sprintf("run on %s (%s, auto): %s", targetSlug, riskClass, out))
 	}
 
 	// Assent window: if the operator recently approved a plan in this
@@ -739,17 +859,10 @@ func classifyAndGate(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, agentID, targetID uuid.
 	// consent. The assent window, opened only on operator approval, is the
 	// sole gate for config_mutation auto-run.)
 	if riskClass == policy.RiskConfigMutation && assentWindowActive(ctx, pool, agentID, sessionID) {
-		host, user, wrap, rerr := resolveExecTarget(ctx, pool, targetSlug)
-		if rerr != nil {
-			pool.Exec(ctx, `UPDATE executions SET status='failed', result=$2::jsonb WHERE entity_id=$1`, id, jsonErr("%s", rerr.Error()))
-			return textResult(fmt.Sprintf("resolve target: %v", rerr))
-		}
-		out, xerr := sshExec(ctx, host, user, wrap(command))
+		out, xerr := autoRun(ctx, pool, id, targetSlug, command)
 		if xerr != nil {
-			pool.Exec(ctx, `UPDATE executions SET status='failed', result=$2::jsonb WHERE entity_id=$1`, id, jsonErr("%s: %s", xerr.Error(), out))
 			return textResult(fmt.Sprintf("run on %s: ERROR %v\n%s", targetSlug, xerr, out))
 		}
-		pool.Exec(ctx, `UPDATE executions SET status='completed', result=$2::jsonb WHERE entity_id=$1`, id, jsonOut(out))
 		slog.Info("mcp: run auto-executed via assent window", "target", targetSlug, "execution_id", id)
 		return textResult(fmt.Sprintf("run on %s (config_mutation, auto via assent window): %s", targetSlug, out))
 	}
@@ -761,17 +874,10 @@ func classifyAndGate(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, agentID, targetID uuid.
 	// operator isn't asked to re-type "I confirm" for every single command
 	// against the thing they just confirmed.
 	if riskClass == policy.RiskDestructive && destructiveWindowActive(ctx, pool, agentID, targetSlug, sessionID) {
-		host, user, wrap, rerr := resolveExecTarget(ctx, pool, targetSlug)
-		if rerr != nil {
-			pool.Exec(ctx, `UPDATE executions SET status='failed', result=$2::jsonb WHERE entity_id=$1`, id, jsonErr("%s", rerr.Error()))
-			return textResult(fmt.Sprintf("resolve target: %v", rerr))
-		}
-		out, xerr := sshExec(ctx, host, user, wrap(command))
+		out, xerr := autoRun(ctx, pool, id, targetSlug, command)
 		if xerr != nil {
-			pool.Exec(ctx, `UPDATE executions SET status='failed', result=$2::jsonb WHERE entity_id=$1`, id, jsonErr("%s: %s", xerr.Error(), out))
 			return textResult(fmt.Sprintf("run on %s: ERROR %v\n%s", targetSlug, xerr, out))
 		}
-		pool.Exec(ctx, `UPDATE executions SET status='completed', result=$2::jsonb WHERE entity_id=$1`, id, jsonOut(out))
 		slog.Info("mcp: run auto-executed via destructive window", "target", targetSlug, "execution_id", id)
 		return textResult(fmt.Sprintf("run on %s (destructive, auto via confirmed-target window): %s", targetSlug, out))
 	}

internal/mcp/sshexec_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+package mcp
+
+// Streaming tests for sshExecStream against a real SSH endpoint. Guarded by
+// OIKOS_SSH_TEST_HOST — skipped when unset. Run with:
+//
+//	OIKOS_SSH_TEST_HOST=localhost OIKOS_SSH_USER=$USER \
+//	OIKOS_SSH_KEY_PATH=~/.ssh/id_ed25519 go test ./internal/mcp/ -run TestSSHExecStream
+//
+// These matter because the whole point of the change is behaviour that only
+// appears over time: that output arrives *before* the command exits, and that
+// a command killed mid-flight still leaves what it printed.
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func sshTestHost(t *testing.T) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	host := os.Getenv("OIKOS_SSH_TEST_HOST")
+	if host == "" {
+		t.Skip("OIKOS_SSH_TEST_HOST not set — skipping live SSH test")
+	}
+	return host
+}
+
+// The core claim: chunks reach the sink while the command is still running,
+// not in one lump at the end. A command that prints, sleeps, then prints must
+// deliver its first chunk well before it exits.
+func TestSSHExecStreamDeliversOutputBeforeExit(t *testing.T) {
+	host := sshTestHost(t)
+
+	var (
+		mu     sync.Mutex
+		chunks []string
+		firstA time.Time
+	)
+	sink := func(stream string, chunk []byte) {
+		mu.Lock()
+		defer mu.Unlock()
+		if firstA.IsZero() {
+			firstA = time.Now()
+		}
+		chunks = append(chunks, string(chunk))
+	}
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	out, err := sshExecStream(context.Background(), host, os.Getenv("OIKOS_SSH_USER"),
+		"echo FIRST; sleep 2; echo SECOND", sink)
+	elapsed := time.Since(start)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("sshExecStream: %v (out=%q)", err, out)
+	}
+
+	mu.Lock()
+	joined := strings.Join(chunks, "")
+	firstAt := firstA.Sub(start)
+	mu.Unlock()
+
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "FIRST") || !strings.Contains(out, "SECOND") {
+		t.Errorf("combined output lost content: %q", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(joined, "FIRST") || !strings.Contains(joined, "SECOND") {
+		t.Errorf("sink did not receive the full output: %q", joined)
+	}
+	if elapsed < 2*time.Second {
+		t.Fatalf("command returned in %v — the sleep did not run, test is not measuring what it claims", elapsed)
+	}
+	// The first chunk must land near the start, not at the end.
+	if firstAt > elapsed/2 {
+		t.Errorf("first chunk arrived after %v of a %v command — output is still being buffered to the end",
+			firstAt, elapsed)
+	}
+}
+
+// stderr must reach the sink too, and land in the combined output, matching
+// what CombinedOutput used to return.
+func TestSSHExecStreamCapturesBothStreams(t *testing.T) {
+	host := sshTestHost(t)
+
+	var mu sync.Mutex
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	sink := func(stream string, chunk []byte) {
+		mu.Lock()
+		defer mu.Unlock()
+		seen[stream] = true
+	}
+
+	out, err := sshExecStream(context.Background(), host, os.Getenv("OIKOS_SSH_USER"),
+		"echo TO_STDOUT; echo TO_STDERR 1>&2", sink)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("sshExecStream: %v (out=%q)", err, out)
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "TO_STDOUT") || !strings.Contains(out, "TO_STDERR") {
+		t.Errorf("combined output missing a stream: %q", out)
+	}
+	mu.Lock()
+	defer mu.Unlock()
+	if !seen["stdout"] {
+		t.Error("sink never saw a stdout chunk")
+	}
+	if !seen["stderr"] {
+		t.Error("sink never saw a stderr chunk")
+	}
+}
+
+// A cancelled command used to return "" — everything it had printed was
+// thrown away. The hung case is exactly when that output is worth having.
+func TestSSHExecStreamKeepsPartialOutputOnCancel(t *testing.T) {
+	host := sshTestHost(t)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	out, err := sshExecStream(ctx, host, os.Getenv("OIKOS_SSH_USER"),
+		"echo BEFORE_HANG; sleep 30; echo NEVER", nil)
+
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected a context error for a command that outlives the deadline")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "BEFORE_HANG") {
+		t.Errorf("partial output was discarded on cancel: %q", out)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, "NEVER") {
+		t.Errorf("command should not have completed: %q", out)
+	}
+}
+
+// A nil sink must behave exactly as the old CombinedOutput path did.
+func TestSSHExecNilSinkStillReturnsOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	host := sshTestHost(t)
+
+	out, err := sshExec(context.Background(), host, os.Getenv("OIKOS_SSH_USER"), "echo PLAIN")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("sshExec: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out != "PLAIN" {
+		t.Errorf("out = %q, want %q (output is trimmed)", out, "PLAIN")
+	}
+}
+
+// A non-zero exit must surface as an error while still returning the output.
+func TestSSHExecStreamNonZeroExitIsAnError(t *testing.T) {
+	host := sshTestHost(t)
+
+	out, err := sshExecStream(context.Background(), host, os.Getenv("OIKOS_SSH_USER"),
+		"echo PRINTED_THEN_FAILED; exit 3", nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("a non-zero exit that printed output must still be an error")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "PRINTED_THEN_FAILED") {
+		t.Errorf("output lost on failure: %q", out)
+	}
+}

internal/ontology/monitoring.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package ontology
+
+// Monitoring resolution: which check kinds an entity type warrants.
+//
+// Coverage is not uniform. A `service` warrants an HTTP probe; a `site` is a
+// physical location with nothing to probe; a `dns-zone` warrants a check whose
+// checker does not exist yet. Collapsing those three into "has no check_def"
+// is what made the fleet's monitoring gap invisible — 86 of 89 active entities
+// had no check, and staleSweep's INNER JOIN against check_defs meant none of
+// them could ever be marked stale.
+//
+// So the declaration lives on the entity TYPE, in seeds/ontology.yaml, and
+// resolves through the same is-a hierarchy the validator already walks:
+// declaring `monitoring: [ping, resource]` on abstract `machine` covers
+// proxmox-host, standalone-server, workstation and appliance.
+
+// MonitoringResolution is the outcome of resolving a type's monitoring
+// declaration. The three states are deliberately distinguishable:
+//
+//	Declared=false            — nobody in the chain said anything. An ontology
+//	                            gap: report it, but as a modelling problem
+//	                            rather than as a fleet monitoring problem.
+//	Declared=true, len(0)     — explicitly unmonitorable. Working as intended;
+//	                            never raise an `unmonitored` signal for it.
+//	Declared=true, len(n)     — these kinds are expected to exist.
+type MonitoringResolution struct {
+	Kinds []string
+
+	// Declared reports whether anything in the chain (or the layer default)
+	// settled the question.
+	Declared bool
+
+	// Source names the type that supplied the answer — the type itself, an
+	// ancestor, or "" when the layer default applied. Useful in log lines
+	// that explain why an entity has the checks it has.
+	Source string
+}
+
+// None reports an explicit "this type is not monitored".
+func (m MonitoringResolution) None() bool {
+	return m.Declared && len(m.Kinds) == 0
+}
+
+// Wants reports whether the type expects a check of this kind.
+func (m MonitoringResolution) Wants(kind string) bool {
+	for _, k := range m.Kinds {
+		if k == kind {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// Monitoring resolves the check kinds a type warrants, walking parent types
+// until one carries a declaration.
+//
+// Types outside the infrastructure layer (governance, cognition, meta) fall
+// back to an implicit "none": a signal, an approval, a document and a person
+// are records, not running things. That default keeps ~20 record types out of
+// the ontology without needing an explicit `monitoring: none` on each, while
+// still treating an undeclared *infrastructure* type as a genuine gap — those
+// are the ones somebody should have made a decision about. A non-infrastructure
+// type that really is probeable (agent, which serves a gateway on :8092) just
+// declares its kinds explicitly and wins on the first rule.
+func (t *TypeTree) Monitoring(typ string) MonitoringResolution {
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	for cur := typ; cur != ""; cur = t.Types[cur].Parent {
+		info, ok := t.Types[cur]
+		if !ok {
+			break
+		}
+		if seen[cur] {
+			break // cycle guard — ingest rejects cycles, belt and braces
+		}
+		seen[cur] = true
+
+		if info.Monitoring != nil {
+			return MonitoringResolution{
+				Kinds:    *info.Monitoring,
+				Declared: true,
+				Source:   cur,
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if info, ok := t.Types[typ]; ok && info.Layer != "infrastructure" {
+		return MonitoringResolution{Declared: true}
+	}
+	return MonitoringResolution{}
+}

internal/ontology/monitoring_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+package ontology
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func kinds(v ...string) *[]string {
+	s := append([]string{}, v...)
+	return &s
+}
+
+// monitoringTree mirrors the real shape of seeds/ontology.yaml: a declaration
+// on an abstract type that concrete subtypes inherit, an explicit none on a
+// topological type, a probeable type outside the infrastructure layer, and an
+// undeclared infrastructure type (the ontology gap this is meant to catch).
+func monitoringTree() *TypeTree {
+	return &TypeTree{
+		Types: map[string]TypeInfo{
+			"entity":         {IsAbstract: true, Layer: "meta"},
+			"compute-entity": {Parent: "entity", IsAbstract: true, Layer: "infrastructure"},
+			"machine": {Parent: "compute-entity", IsAbstract: true, Layer: "infrastructure",
+				Monitoring: kinds("ping", "resource")},
+			"proxmox-host": {Parent: "machine", Layer: "infrastructure"},
+			"workstation":  {Parent: "machine", Layer: "infrastructure"},
+			"service":      {Parent: "entity", Layer: "infrastructure", Monitoring: kinds("http", "process")},
+			"site":         {Parent: "entity", Layer: "infrastructure", Monitoring: kinds()},
+			"vlan":         {Parent: "entity", Layer: "infrastructure"}, // undeclared: a gap
+			"agent":        {Parent: "entity", Layer: "governance", Monitoring: kinds("http")},
+			"signal":       {Parent: "entity", Layer: "cognition"},
+			"document":     {Parent: "entity", Layer: "governance"},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMonitoringResolvesThroughHierarchy(t *testing.T) {
+	tree := monitoringTree()
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		typ        string
+		wantKinds  []string
+		wantDecl   bool
+		wantSource string
+		desc       string
+	}{
+		{"machine", []string{"ping", "resource"}, true, "machine", "declared on itself"},
+		{"proxmox-host", []string{"ping", "resource"}, true, "machine", "inherited from abstract parent"},
+		{"workstation", []string{"ping", "resource"}, true, "machine", "inherited by a sibling too"},
+		{"service", []string{"http", "process"}, true, "service", "declared on itself"},
+		{"site", nil, true, "site", "explicitly none — not a gap"},
+		{"agent", []string{"http"}, true, "agent", "explicit declaration beats the layer default"},
+		{"signal", nil, true, "", "cognition layer is implicitly none"},
+		{"document", nil, true, "", "governance layer is implicitly none"},
+		{"vlan", nil, false, "", "undeclared infrastructure type is a genuine gap"},
+		{"nonexistent", nil, false, "", "unknown type resolves to undeclared"},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		got := tree.Monitoring(c.typ)
+		if got.Declared != c.wantDecl {
+			t.Errorf("%s (%s): Declared = %v, want %v", c.typ, c.desc, got.Declared, c.wantDecl)
+		}
+		if got.Source != c.wantSource {
+			t.Errorf("%s (%s): Source = %q, want %q", c.typ, c.desc, got.Source, c.wantSource)
+		}
+		if len(got.Kinds) != len(c.wantKinds) {
+			t.Errorf("%s (%s): Kinds = %v, want %v", c.typ, c.desc, got.Kinds, c.wantKinds)
+			continue
+		}
+		for i, k := range c.wantKinds {
+			if got.Kinds[i] != k {
+				t.Errorf("%s (%s): Kinds[%d] = %q, want %q", c.typ, c.desc, i, got.Kinds[i], k)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// The distinction between these two is what keeps coverageSweep from raising
+// permanent, unresolvable signals against entities that are working as intended.
+func TestMonitoringNoneIsNotTheSameAsUndeclared(t *testing.T) {
+	tree := monitoringTree()
+
+	site := tree.Monitoring("site")
+	if !site.None() {
+		t.Error("site declared `monitoring: none`, expected None() to report true")
+	}
+
+	vlan := tree.Monitoring("vlan")
+	if vlan.None() {
+		t.Error("vlan declared nothing at all — None() must not claim it opted out")
+	}
+	if vlan.Declared {
+		t.Error("vlan is an undeclared infrastructure type; it should read as a gap")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMonitoringWants(t *testing.T) {
+	tree := monitoringTree()
+
+	svc := tree.Monitoring("service")
+	if !svc.Wants("http") {
+		t.Error("service should want an http check")
+	}
+	if svc.Wants("resource") {
+		t.Error("service should not want a resource check")
+	}
+	if tree.Monitoring("site").Wants("http") {
+		t.Error("an explicitly unmonitorable type wants nothing")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMonitoringSurvivesParentCycle(t *testing.T) {
+	// The ingest rejects cycles; this guards the walker regardless.
+	tree := &TypeTree{Types: map[string]TypeInfo{
+		"a": {Parent: "b", Layer: "infrastructure"},
+		"b": {Parent: "a", Layer: "infrastructure"},
+	}}
+	got := tree.Monitoring("a")
+	if got.Declared {
+		t.Errorf("cyclic chain declared nothing, got %+v", got)
+	}
+}

internal/ontology/validate.go

@@ -20,6 +20,13 @@ type TypeInfo struct {
 	Parent      string
 	IsAbstract  bool
 	LifecycleID string
+	Layer       string
+
+	// Monitoring is this type's own `monitoring:` declaration, or nil if it
+	// declared nothing (in which case the answer comes from an ancestor, or
+	// from the layer default). A non-nil pointer to an empty slice means
+	// "explicitly unmonitorable" — see TypeTree.Monitoring.
+	Monitoring *[]string
 }
 
 // RelTypeInfo is the subset of a relationship type the validator needs.

internal/policy/command_test.go

@@ -185,3 +185,32 @@ func TestClassifyCommand_EmptyCommand(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("empty command should default to config_mutation (escalate), got %q", got)
 	}
 }
+
+// reversible_low is never computed from the command text — it can only arrive
+// as a declaration. These pin down the asymmetry that makes auto-running it
+// safe: a declaration may raise the class but never lower it, so the only
+// computed class reversible_low can accompany is read_only.
+func TestReversibleLowOnlyArrivesAsADeclaration(t *testing.T) {
+	// Nothing in the command text alone yields reversible_low.
+	for _, cmd := range []string{
+		"systemctl restart nginx", "uptime", "cat /etc/os-release",
+		"apt-get update", "docker restart web", "rm -rf /tmp/x",
+	} {
+		if got := ClassifyCommand(cmd, ""); got == RiskReversibleLow {
+			t.Errorf("ClassifyCommand(%q, \"\") = reversible_low; the classifier should never compute it", cmd)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Declaring it on a read-only command raises to reversible_low...
+	if got := ClassifyCommand("uptime", RiskReversibleLow); got != RiskReversibleLow {
+		t.Errorf("declared reversible_low over a read_only command = %q, want reversible_low", got)
+	}
+
+	// ...but declaring it can never talk a riskier command down.
+	if got := ClassifyCommand("apt-get upgrade -y", RiskReversibleLow); got == RiskReversibleLow {
+		t.Error("declaring reversible_low must not lower a config_mutation command")
+	}
+	if got := ClassifyCommand("rm -rf /var/lib/x", RiskReversibleLow); got != RiskDestructive {
+		t.Errorf("declaring reversible_low over a destructive command = %q, want destructive", got)
+	}
+}

internal/scheduler/backup.go

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+package scheduler
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/db/sqlcgen"
+)
+
+// checkBackupFreshness reports whether a backup target has a recent artifact.
+//
+// The ontology has carried a `backup-target` type and a `backs-up-to` edge
+// since the first seed, but nothing ever verified that a backup actually
+// happened — a silent backup failure looked exactly like a working one. This
+// makes staleness a Signal like any other, so it flows through the existing
+// dedup, auto-resolve and notifier path rather than needing its own machinery.
+//
+// Config: {"path": "/opt/oikos/backups", "max_age_s": 86400, "host": …}
+//
+// Deliberately uses `find -mmin` rather than `-printf '%T@'` or `stat`:
+// -printf is GNU-only and stat's format flag differs between GNU (-c) and BSD
+// (-f). The first real target for this check is the pre-deploy pg_dump on the
+// mac-mini, which is macOS — so a GNU-only probe would have silently reported
+// "unknown" on the one target that motivated the check.
+func checkBackupFreshness(ctx context.Context, cd sqlcgen.ListEnabledCheckDefsRow) checkResult {
+	cfg := struct {
+		Path    string `json:"path"`
+		MaxAgeS int    `json:"max_age_s"`
+		Host    string `json:"host"`
+		User    string `json:"user"`
+		Port    int    `json:"port"`
+	}{
+		MaxAgeS: 86400, // a daily backup that has not run in 24h is stale
+	}
+	if len(cd.Config) > 0 {
+		_ = json.Unmarshal(cd.Config, &cfg)
+	}
+	if cfg.Path == "" || cfg.Host == "" {
+		return checkResult{health: "unknown", signalKind: "backup-misconfigured",
+			evidence: "backup check needs both a path and a host"}
+	}
+	if cfg.Port == 0 {
+		cfg.Port = 22
+	}
+	if cfg.User == "" {
+		cfg.User = sshUser
+	}
+	if cfg.MaxAgeS <= 0 {
+		cfg.MaxAgeS = 86400
+	}
+
+	timeout := time.Duration(cd.TimeoutS) * time.Second
+	if timeout <= 0 {
+		timeout = 30 * time.Second
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	minutes := cfg.MaxAgeS / 60
+	if minutes < 1 {
+		minutes = 1
+	}
+	quoted := shellSingleQuote(cfg.Path)
+
+	// Two questions in one round trip: is there anything at all, and is any of
+	// it recent? "no backups ever" and "backups stopped" are different
+	// failures and deserve different severities.
+	cmd := fmt.Sprintf(
+		`if [ ! -d %s ]; then echo missing; else `+
+			`f=$(find %s -type f -mmin -%d 2>/dev/null | head -1); `+
+			`a=$(find %s -type f 2>/dev/null | head -1); `+
+			`if [ -n "$f" ]; then echo fresh; elif [ -n "$a" ]; then echo stale; else echo empty; fi; fi`,
+		quoted, quoted, minutes, quoted)
+
+	out, err := sshExec(ctx, cfg.Host, strconv.Itoa(cfg.Port), cfg.User, cmd, timeout)
+	if err != nil {
+		return checkResult{
+			health: "unknown", signalKind: "backup-unreachable",
+			evidence: fmt.Sprintf("ssh %s: %v", cfg.Host, err),
+			err:      err,
+		}
+	}
+
+	age := time.Duration(cfg.MaxAgeS) * time.Second
+	switch strings.TrimSpace(string(out)) {
+	case "fresh":
+		return checkResult{health: "healthy"}
+	case "stale":
+		return checkResult{
+			health: "degraded", signalKind: "backup-stale",
+			evidence: fmt.Sprintf("no backup in %s under %s on %s", age, cfg.Path, cfg.Host),
+		}
+	case "empty":
+		return checkResult{
+			health: "down", signalKind: "backup-missing",
+			evidence: fmt.Sprintf("%s on %s exists but contains no files", cfg.Path, cfg.Host),
+		}
+	case "missing":
+		return checkResult{
+			health: "down", signalKind: "backup-missing",
+			evidence: fmt.Sprintf("backup directory %s does not exist on %s", cfg.Path, cfg.Host),
+		}
+	}
+	return checkResult{health: "unknown", signalKind: "backup-unreachable",
+		evidence: fmt.Sprintf("unexpected probe output: %q", strings.TrimSpace(string(out)))}
+}
+
+// shellSingleQuote makes a path safe to embed in the remote sh command. Paths
+// come from check_defs config, which an operator or the agent can write.
+func shellSingleQuote(s string) string {
+	return "'" + strings.ReplaceAll(s, "'", `'\''`) + "'"
+}

internal/scheduler/backup_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+package scheduler
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/db/sqlcgen"
+)
+
+func backupCheckDef(t *testing.T, config string) sqlcgen.ListEnabledCheckDefsRow {
+	t.Helper()
+	return sqlcgen.ListEnabledCheckDefsRow{
+		Kind:     "backup-freshness",
+		Config:   []byte(config),
+		TimeoutS: 15,
+	}
+}
+
+// A misconfigured check must say so rather than quietly reporting healthy —
+// "no path configured" and "backup ran fine" must never look the same.
+func TestBackupFreshnessRejectsIncompleteConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, c := range []struct{ desc, config string }{
+		{"no path", `{"host":"localhost"}`},
+		{"no host", `{"path":"/tmp"}`},
+		{"empty", `{}`},
+	} {
+		got := checkBackupFreshness(context.Background(), backupCheckDef(t, c.config))
+		if got.health != "unknown" || got.signalKind != "backup-misconfigured" {
+			t.Errorf("%s: got health=%q kind=%q, want unknown/backup-misconfigured",
+				c.desc, got.health, got.signalKind)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Live probe against a real SSH endpoint. Guarded by OIKOS_SSH_TEST_HOST:
+//
+//	OIKOS_SSH_TEST_HOST=localhost OIKOS_SSH_USER=$USER \
+//	OIKOS_SSH_KEY_PATH=~/.ssh/id_ed25519 go test ./internal/scheduler/ -run TestBackupFreshnessLive
+//
+// The probe shell has to work on both GNU and BSD find — the first real target
+// is the pre-deploy pg_dump on the macOS mac-mini, so a GNU-only construct
+// would fail exactly where it matters.
+func TestBackupFreshnessLiveDistinguishesTheFourStates(t *testing.T) {
+	host := os.Getenv("OIKOS_SSH_TEST_HOST")
+	if host == "" {
+		t.Skip("OIKOS_SSH_TEST_HOST not set — skipping live backup probe")
+	}
+	sshKeyPath = os.Getenv("OIKOS_SSH_KEY_PATH")
+	sshUser = os.Getenv("OIKOS_SSH_USER")
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	fresh := filepath.Join(dir, "fresh")
+	stale := filepath.Join(dir, "stale")
+	empty := filepath.Join(dir, "empty")
+	for _, d := range []string{fresh, stale, empty} {
+		if err := os.Mkdir(d, 0o755); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(fresh, "dump.sql"), []byte("x"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	oldFile := filepath.Join(stale, "dump.sql")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(oldFile, []byte("x"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	old := time.Now().Add(-72 * time.Hour)
+	if err := os.Chtimes(oldFile, old, old); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		desc, path, wantHealth, wantKind string
+	}{
+		{"recent artifact", fresh, "healthy", ""},
+		{"artifact older than max_age", stale, "degraded", "backup-stale"},
+		{"directory exists but is empty", empty, "down", "backup-missing"},
+		{"directory does not exist", filepath.Join(dir, "nope"), "down", "backup-missing"},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		cfg := `{"host":"` + host + `","path":"` + c.path + `","max_age_s":86400}`
+		got := checkBackupFreshness(context.Background(), backupCheckDef(t, cfg))
+		if got.health != c.wantHealth || got.signalKind != c.wantKind {
+			t.Errorf("%s: got health=%q kind=%q evidence=%q, want %q/%q",
+				c.desc, got.health, got.signalKind, got.evidence, c.wantHealth, c.wantKind)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// A path with a quote in it must not break out of the remote sh command.
+func TestShellSingleQuoteEscapes(t *testing.T) {
+	got := shellSingleQuote(`/tmp/it's; rm -rf /`)
+	want := `'/tmp/it'\''s; rm -rf /'`
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("shellSingleQuote = %s, want %s", got, want)
+	}
+}

internal/scheduler/coverage.go

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+package scheduler
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+
+	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/db"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+// UnmonitoredKind is the signal kind raised for an entity whose type declares
+// monitoring it does not have.
+const UnmonitoredKind = "unmonitored"
+
+// coverageSweep reports entities that should be monitored and are not.
+//
+// staleSweep can only protect an entity that already has a check — it INNER
+// JOINs check_defs, so an entity with none is structurally invisible to it and
+// keeps reporting its last-known health forever. This sweep covers the other
+// half: it notices the absence itself.
+//
+// It fires only where the entity type *declares* monitoring. Types that
+// declare `monitoring: none` (site, cluster, lan, mesh — topological groupings
+// with nothing to probe) are working as intended and must never raise a
+// signal; a permanent unresolvable warning against six healthy entities would
+// discredit the whole thing. Types that declare nothing at all are a modelling
+// gap, reported once per pass at debug level rather than as a fleet problem.
+func coverageSweep(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool) {
+	// Resolution walks parent_type — inheriting types (lxc, proxmox-host, lan)
+	// carry NULL in their own monitoring_spec column, so reading it directly
+	// would flag every one of them. Reuse the Go resolver instead of
+	// duplicating the hierarchy walk in SQL.
+	tx, err := pool.Begin(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error("scheduler: coverage sweep begin", "error", err)
+		return
+	}
+	tree, err := db.LoadTypeTree(ctx, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = tx.Rollback(ctx)
+		slog.Error("scheduler: coverage sweep load type tree", "error", err)
+		return
+	}
+	_ = tx.Rollback(ctx) // read-only
+
+	rows, err := pool.Query(ctx, `
+		SELECT e.id, e.slug, e.type, (cd.target_id IS NOT NULL) AS has_check
+		FROM entities e
+		LEFT JOIN (
+			SELECT DISTINCT target_id FROM check_defs
+			WHERE enabled AND target_id IS NOT NULL
+		) cd ON cd.target_id = e.id
+		WHERE e.state = 'active' AND e.type <> 'check'`)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error("scheduler: coverage sweep query", "error", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	type entity struct {
+		id       uuid.UUID
+		slug     string
+		typ      string
+		hasCheck bool
+	}
+	var all []entity
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var e entity
+		if err := rows.Scan(&e.id, &e.slug, &e.typ, &e.hasCheck); err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		all = append(all, e)
+	}
+	rows.Close()
+	if rows.Err() != nil {
+		slog.Error("scheduler: coverage sweep scan", "error", rows.Err())
+		return
+	}
+
+	var raised, resolved, undeclared int
+	for _, e := range all {
+		mon := tree.Monitoring(e.typ)
+
+		switch {
+		case !mon.Declared:
+			undeclared++
+		case mon.None():
+			// Explicitly unmonitorable. Nothing to say.
+		case e.hasCheck:
+			if resolveCoverageSignal(ctx, pool, e.id) {
+				resolved++
+				slog.Info("scheduler: entity is monitored again", "entity", e.slug)
+			}
+		default:
+			if raiseCoverageSignal(ctx, pool, e.id, e.slug, e.typ, mon.Kinds) {
+				raised++
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if raised > 0 || resolved > 0 {
+		slog.Warn("scheduler: coverage sweep",
+			"unmonitored_raised", raised, "resolved", resolved, "scanned", len(all))
+	}
+	if undeclared > 0 {
+		slog.Debug("scheduler: entity types declare no monitoring", "entities", undeclared)
+	}
+}
+
+// raiseCoverageSignal raises (or refreshes) the unmonitored signal for one
+// entity. Reports whether this was a new raise.
+func raiseCoverageSignal(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, entityID uuid.UUID, slug, typ string, want []string) bool {
+	// A signal is a dual entity: signals.entity_id is a PK referencing
+	// entities(id), so the row has to exist first. The scheduler's other
+	// signals borrow the check entity's id — there is no check here, which is
+	// the whole point, so this sweep owns a signal entity per target.
+	//
+	// The slug is stable per target, which makes the signal row stable too and
+	// lets a resolved signal be re-raised by primary key rather than colliding
+	// with it.
+	signalSlug := fmt.Sprintf("signal:%s:%s", UnmonitoredKind, slug)
+
+	newID, err := uuid.NewV7()
+	if err != nil {
+		newID = uuid.New()
+	}
+
+	var signalID uuid.UUID
+	// Upsert RETURNING id, never insert-and-assume: assuming is what made
+	// checkdefaults write foreign keys to rows it had not created.
+	if err := pool.QueryRow(ctx,
+		`INSERT INTO entities (id, slug, type, name, state, attributes, version, created_at, updated_at)
+		 VALUES ($1, $2, 'signal', $2, 'active', '{}', 1, now(), now())
+		 ON CONFLICT (slug) DO UPDATE SET updated_at = now()
+		 RETURNING id`,
+		newID, signalSlug).Scan(&signalID); err != nil {
+		slog.Error("scheduler: upsert signal entity", "entity", slug, "error", err)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	evidence := fmt.Sprintf("type %s declares monitoring %v but the entity has no enabled check_def", typ, want)
+
+	// Conflict on the primary key rather than on the (target, kind) partial
+	// index: that index only covers OPEN signals, so a previously resolved
+	// signal would not conflict there and would collide on the PK instead.
+	tag, err := pool.Exec(ctx,
+		`INSERT INTO signals (entity_id, kind, severity, target_entity_id, evidence, state)
+		 VALUES ($1, $2, 'warning', $3, $4, 'raised')
+		 ON CONFLICT (entity_id) DO UPDATE
+		   SET state = CASE WHEN signals.state IN ('resolved','failed') THEN 'raised' ELSE signals.state END,
+		       occurrence_count = signals.occurrence_count + 1,
+		       evidence = EXCLUDED.evidence,
+		       last_seen_at = now(), updated_at = now()`,
+		signalID, UnmonitoredKind, entityID, evidence)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error("scheduler: raise unmonitored signal", "entity", slug, "error", err)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// RowsAffected is 1 for both insert and update, so ask the signal itself
+	// whether this was the first occurrence.
+	var occurrences int
+	if err := pool.QueryRow(ctx,
+		`SELECT occurrence_count FROM signals WHERE entity_id = $1`, signalID).Scan(&occurrences); err != nil {
+		return tag.RowsAffected() > 0
+	}
+	if occurrences <= 1 {
+		slog.Warn("scheduler: entity is unmonitored",
+			"entity", slug, "type", typ, "declared", want)
+		emitSchedulerEvent(ctx, pool, "coverage.unmonitored", entityID, "warning",
+			map[string]any{"slug": slug, "type": typ, "declared": want})
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// resolveCoverageSignal closes the unmonitored signal once the entity has a
+// check. The scheduler's normal auto-resolve keys on the *check* entity id and
+// only from state 'raised', so it can never clear one of these.
+func resolveCoverageSignal(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, entityID uuid.UUID) bool {
+	tag, err := pool.Exec(ctx,
+		`UPDATE signals SET state = 'resolved', updated_at = now()
+		 WHERE target_entity_id = $1 AND kind = $2
+		   AND state NOT IN ('resolved', 'failed')`,
+		entityID, UnmonitoredKind)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error("scheduler: resolve unmonitored signal", "error", err)
+		return false
+	}
+	return tag.RowsAffected() > 0
+}

internal/scheduler/coverage_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+package scheduler
+
+// Integration tests for coverageSweep against a real TimescaleDB. Guarded by
+// OIKOS_TEST_DATABASE_URL — skipped when unset, same convention as
+// internal/db/integration_test.go. Each run creates a throwaway database.
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/db"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
+)
+
+func newCoveragePool(t *testing.T) *db.Pool {
+	t.Helper()
+	baseURL := os.Getenv("OIKOS_TEST_DATABASE_URL")
+	if baseURL == "" {
+		t.Skip("OIKOS_TEST_DATABASE_URL not set — skipping integration test")
+	}
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	admin, err := pgx.Connect(ctx, baseURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("connect admin: %v", err)
+	}
+	dbName := fmt.Sprintf("oikos_cov_%08x", rand.Int63())
+	if _, err := admin.Exec(ctx, "CREATE DATABASE "+dbName); err != nil {
+		admin.Close(ctx)
+		t.Fatalf("create test db: %v", err)
+	}
+	admin.Close(ctx)
+
+	at := strings.LastIndex(baseURL, "/")
+	testURL := baseURL[:at+1] + dbName
+	if q := strings.Index(baseURL[at:], "?"); q >= 0 {
+		testURL += baseURL[at+q:]
+	}
+
+	pool, err := db.New(ctx, testURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("connect test db: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := pool.Migrate(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("migrate: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		pool.Close()
+		if admin, err := pgx.Connect(ctx, baseURL); err == nil {
+			admin.Exec(ctx, "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS "+dbName+" WITH (FORCE)")
+			admin.Close(ctx)
+		}
+	})
+	return pool
+}
+
+// fixture builds the four cases that matter, without the full seed:
+// a declared+monitored type, a declared+unmonitored one, an explicitly
+// unmonitorable one, and one that inherits its declaration from a parent.
+func coverageFixture(t *testing.T, pool *db.Pool) map[string]uuid.UUID {
+	t.Helper()
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	exec := func(sql string, args ...any) {
+		t.Helper()
+		if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx, sql, args...); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("fixture %q: %v", sql, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	exec(`INSERT INTO entity_types (name, parent_type, is_abstract, domain, layer, monitoring_spec, status)
+	      VALUES ('t-container', NULL, true, 'compute', 'infrastructure', '["resource"]', 'active')
+	      ON CONFLICT (name) DO UPDATE SET monitoring_spec = EXCLUDED.monitoring_spec`)
+	exec(`INSERT INTO entity_types (name, parent_type, is_abstract, domain, layer, monitoring_spec, status)
+	      VALUES ('t-lxc', 't-container', false, 'compute', 'infrastructure', NULL, 'active')
+	      ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING`)
+	exec(`INSERT INTO entity_types (name, parent_type, is_abstract, domain, layer, monitoring_spec, status)
+	      VALUES ('t-service', NULL, false, 'software', 'infrastructure', '["http"]', 'active')
+	      ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING`)
+	exec(`INSERT INTO entity_types (name, parent_type, is_abstract, domain, layer, monitoring_spec, status)
+	      VALUES ('t-site', NULL, false, 'physical', 'infrastructure', '[]', 'active')
+	      ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING`)
+	// `check` and `signal` normally arrive with the ontology seed, which this
+	// fixture skips; the sweep creates signal entities and needs both.
+	exec(`INSERT INTO entity_types (name, parent_type, is_abstract, domain, layer, monitoring_spec, status)
+	      VALUES ('check', NULL, false, 'operations', 'cognition', '[]', 'active')
+	      ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING`)
+	exec(`INSERT INTO entity_types (name, parent_type, is_abstract, domain, layer, monitoring_spec, status)
+	      VALUES ('signal', NULL, false, 'operations', 'cognition', '[]', 'active')
+	      ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING`)
+
+	ids := map[string]uuid.UUID{}
+	for _, e := range []struct{ slug, typ string }{
+		{"monitored-svc", "t-service"},   // declared + has a check
+		{"unmonitored-svc", "t-service"}, // declared + no check  → signal
+		{"inheriting-lxc", "t-lxc"},      // inherits [resource], no check → signal
+		{"a-site", "t-site"},             // explicitly none → never a signal
+	} {
+		id := uuid.New()
+		exec(`INSERT INTO entities (id, slug, type, name, state, attributes, version, created_at, updated_at)
+		      VALUES ($1,$2,$3,$2,'active','{}',1,now(),now())`, id, e.slug, e.typ)
+		ids[e.slug] = id
+	}
+
+	// Only monitored-svc gets a check.
+	checkID := uuid.New()
+	exec(`INSERT INTO entities (id, slug, type, name, state, attributes, version, created_at, updated_at)
+	      VALUES ($1,'check:t:monitored-svc:0','check','c-monitored-svc','active','{}',1,now(),now())`, checkID)
+	exec(`INSERT INTO check_defs (entity_id, target_id, kind, config, interval_s, timeout_s, enabled)
+	      VALUES ($1,$2,'http','{}',60,30,true)`, checkID, ids["monitored-svc"])
+
+	return ids
+}
+
+func openSignals(t *testing.T, pool *db.Pool, targetID uuid.UUID) (int, int) {
+	t.Helper()
+	var count, occurrences int
+	err := pool.QueryRow(context.Background(),
+		`SELECT count(*), COALESCE(max(occurrence_count),0) FROM signals
+		 WHERE target_entity_id = $1 AND kind = $2 AND state NOT IN ('resolved','failed')`,
+		targetID, UnmonitoredKind).Scan(&count, &occurrences)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("count signals: %v", err)
+	}
+	return count, occurrences
+}
+
+func TestCoverageSweepOnlyFlagsDeclaredButUnmonitored(t *testing.T) {
+	pool := newCoveragePool(t)
+	ids := coverageFixture(t, pool)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	coverageSweep(ctx, pool)
+
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		slug string
+		want int
+		why  string
+	}{
+		{"unmonitored-svc", 1, "declares http, has no check"},
+		{"inheriting-lxc", 1, "inherits [resource] from its parent, has no check"},
+		{"monitored-svc", 0, "has a check"},
+		{"a-site", 0, "declares monitoring: none — flagging it would be a permanent false positive"},
+	} {
+		got, _ := openSignals(t, pool, ids[c.slug])
+		if got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s (%s): %d open unmonitored signals, want %d", c.slug, c.why, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCoverageSweepDedupsRatherThanDuplicating(t *testing.T) {
+	pool := newCoveragePool(t)
+	ids := coverageFixture(t, pool)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	coverageSweep(ctx, pool)
+	coverageSweep(ctx, pool)
+	coverageSweep(ctx, pool)
+
+	count, occurrences := openSignals(t, pool, ids["unmonitored-svc"])
+	if count != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("three sweeps produced %d signals, want 1", count)
+	}
+	if occurrences != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("occurrence_count = %d after three sweeps, want 3", occurrences)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCoverageSweepResolvesWhenACheckAppears(t *testing.T) {
+	pool := newCoveragePool(t)
+	ids := coverageFixture(t, pool)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	coverageSweep(ctx, pool)
+	if count, _ := openSignals(t, pool, ids["unmonitored-svc"]); count != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected an open signal before the check is added, got %d", count)
+	}
+
+	// The entity acquires a check. The scheduler's normal auto-resolve keys on
+	// the check entity id and only from 'raised', so it could never clear this.
+	checkID := uuid.New()
+	if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx,
+		// entities has a unique (type, name), so this cannot reuse the
+		// fixture check's name.
+		`INSERT INTO entities (id, slug, type, name, state, attributes, version, created_at, updated_at)
+		 VALUES ($1,'check:t:unmonitored-svc:0','check','c-unmonitored-svc','active','{}',1,now(),now())`, checkID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx,
+		`INSERT INTO check_defs (entity_id, target_id, kind, config, interval_s, timeout_s, enabled)
+		 VALUES ($1,$2,'http','{}',60,30,true)`, checkID, ids["unmonitored-svc"]); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	coverageSweep(ctx, pool)
+
+	if count, _ := openSignals(t, pool, ids["unmonitored-svc"]); count != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("signal should have resolved once the entity had a check, %d still open", count)
+	}
+}
+
+// Against the real ontology and inventory rather than a fixture: the sweep
+// must stay silent for types that opted out and speak up for the genuine gaps.
+// Asserted as properties, not exact counts, so it does not break every time
+// the fleet changes.
+func TestCoverageSweepAgainstTheRealSeed(t *testing.T) {
+	pool := newCoveragePool(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	for _, f := range []string{"ontology.yaml", "inventory.yaml", "policy.yaml"} {
+		content, err := os.ReadFile("../../seeds/" + f)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("read %s: %v", f, err)
+		}
+		err = pool.SeedIngest(ctx, f, content,
+			func(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, data map[string]any) error {
+				switch f {
+				case "ontology.yaml":
+					_, err := db.IngestOntologySeed(ctx, tx, data)
+					return err
+				case "inventory.yaml":
+					_, err := db.IngestInventorySeed(ctx, tx, data)
+					return err
+				default:
+					_, err := db.IngestPolicySeed(ctx, tx, data)
+					return err
+				}
+			})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("ingest %s: %v", f, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	coverageSweep(ctx, pool)
+
+	flagged := map[string]int{}
+	rows, err := pool.Query(ctx, `
+		SELECT e.type, count(*)
+		FROM signals s JOIN entities e ON e.id = s.target_entity_id
+		WHERE s.kind = $1 AND s.state NOT IN ('resolved','failed')
+		GROUP BY e.type`, UnmonitoredKind)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var typ string
+		var n int
+		if err := rows.Scan(&typ, &n); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		flagged[typ] = n
+	}
+	rows.Close()
+
+	t.Logf("unmonitored signals by entity type: %v", flagged)
+
+	// Declared `monitoring: none` — flagging these would be a permanent,
+	// unresolvable false positive, which is the failure mode that would make
+	// the signal worthless.
+	for _, typ := range []string{"site", "lan", "mesh", "cluster"} {
+		if n := flagged[typ]; n != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%s declares monitoring: none but %d were flagged unmonitored", typ, n)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Types that now get real checks must not be flagged either.
+	for _, typ := range []string{"service", "lxc", "ingress-route", "proxmox-host"} {
+		if n := flagged[typ]; n != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%s should be covered by checkdefaults, but %d were flagged", typ, n)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Genuine gaps: no `dns` checker, no edge from a pool to its machine.
+	for _, typ := range []string{"dns-zone", "storage-pool"} {
+		if flagged[typ] == 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%s is a known gap and should have been flagged", typ)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// A resolved signal must be re-raisable. The (target, kind) partial unique
+// index only covers open signals, so a resolved row does not conflict there —
+// it collides on the primary key instead, which is why the upsert targets the
+// PK.
+func TestCoverageSweepReRaisesAfterResolution(t *testing.T) {
+	pool := newCoveragePool(t)
+	ids := coverageFixture(t, pool)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	coverageSweep(ctx, pool)
+	if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx,
+		`UPDATE signals SET state='resolved' WHERE target_entity_id=$1 AND kind=$2`,
+		ids["unmonitored-svc"], UnmonitoredKind); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	coverageSweep(ctx, pool)
+
+	count, _ := openSignals(t, pool, ids["unmonitored-svc"])
+	if count != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("a resolved signal should be re-raisable, got %d open", count)
+	}
+}

internal/scheduler/scheduler.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/dtoro/oikos/internal/config"
@@ -73,7 +74,12 @@ func runCheckPass(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool) {
 		return
 	}
 	if len(defs) == 0 {
+		// Still run housekeeping: a fleet with no enabled check_defs is
+		// precisely the case coverageSweep exists to report, and returning
+		// here would mean the one situation that most needs reporting is the
+		// one situation that stays silent.
 		slog.Debug("scheduler: no enabled check_defs")
+		housekeeping(ctx, pool)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -107,6 +113,13 @@ func runCheck(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool, cd sqlcgen.ListEnabledCheckDef
 
 	result := executeCheck(ctx, cd)
 
+	// Stamp the run before processing the result: due-ness must advance even
+	// when a check fails, or a permanently failing check would be re-run on
+	// every pass instead of at its declared interval.
+	if err := q.MarkCheckRun(ctx, cd.EntityID); err != nil {
+		slog.Error("scheduler: mark check run", "entity", cd.EntitySlug, "error", err)
+	}
+
 	latency := time.Since(start).Milliseconds()
 
 	if result.metrics == nil {
@@ -248,6 +261,8 @@ func executeCheck(ctx context.Context, cd sqlcgen.ListEnabledCheckDefsRow) check
 		return checkPing(ctx, cd)
 	case "ssh-script":
 		return checkSSHScript(ctx, cd)
+	case "backup-freshness":
+		return checkBackupFreshness(ctx, cd)
 	default:
 		return checkResult{health: "unknown"}
 	}
@@ -265,6 +280,7 @@ func housekeeping(ctx context.Context, pool *db.Pool) {
 	}
 
 	staleSweep(ctx, pool)
+	coverageSweep(ctx, pool)
 
 	// Log housekeeping completion
 	slog.Debug("scheduler: housekeeping done", "pruned_idempotency_before", cutoff.Format(time.RFC3339))
@@ -337,9 +353,14 @@ func checkHTTP(ctx context.Context, cd sqlcgen.ListEnabledCheckDefsRow) checkRes
 	cfg := struct {
 		URL            string `json:"url"`
 		ExpectedStatus int    `json:"expected_status"`
-		Insecure       bool   `json:"insecure"`
+		// MaxStatus accepts a range instead of one exact code. Most services
+		// sit behind Authentik and answer 302 or 401 — a working service, but
+		// an exact-match on 200 reports it degraded and raises a signal.
+		// Unset expected_status means "any response below MaxStatus is fine".
+		MaxStatus int  `json:"max_status"`
+		Insecure  bool `json:"insecure"`
 	}{
-		ExpectedStatus: 200,
+		MaxStatus: 500,
 	}
 	if len(cd.Config) > 0 {
 		_ = json.Unmarshal(cd.Config, &cfg)
@@ -379,10 +400,17 @@ func checkHTTP(ctx context.Context, cd sqlcgen.ListEnabledCheckDefsRow) checkRes
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 
-	if resp.StatusCode != cfg.ExpectedStatus {
+	if cfg.ExpectedStatus != 0 {
+		if resp.StatusCode != cfg.ExpectedStatus {
+			return checkResult{
+				health: "degraded", signalKind: "http",
+				evidence: fmt.Sprintf("GET %s returned %d (expected %d)", cfg.URL, resp.StatusCode, cfg.ExpectedStatus),
+			}
+		}
+	} else if resp.StatusCode >= cfg.MaxStatus {
 		return checkResult{
 			health: "degraded", signalKind: "http",
-			evidence: fmt.Sprintf("GET %s returned %d (expected %d)", cfg.URL, resp.StatusCode, cfg.ExpectedStatus),
+			evidence: fmt.Sprintf("GET %s returned %d (expected below %d)", cfg.URL, resp.StatusCode, cfg.MaxStatus),
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -462,8 +490,8 @@ func checkDisk(ctx context.Context, cd sqlcgen.ListEnabledCheckDefsRow) checkRes
 	if usedPct > float64(cfg.ThresholdPct) {
 		return checkResult{
 			health: "degraded", signalKind: "disk",
-			evidence:   fmt.Sprintf("%s %.1f%% full (threshold %d%%)", cfg.Path, usedPct, cfg.ThresholdPct),
-			metrics:    metrics,
+			evidence: fmt.Sprintf("%s %.1f%% full (threshold %d%%)", cfg.Path, usedPct, cfg.ThresholdPct),
+			metrics:  metrics,
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -616,6 +644,11 @@ func checkSSHScript(ctx context.Context, cd sqlcgen.ListEnabledCheckDefsRow) che
 		Port   int    `json:"port"`
 		User   string `json:"user"`
 		Script string `json:"script"`
+		// Args is a single positional argument for the script. checkdefaults
+		// has always written it for process_check.sh, but nothing read it —
+		// so every process check ran argument-less and process_check.sh
+		// answered "no service name provided" with health unknown.
+		Args string `json:"args"`
 	}{}
 	if len(cd.Config) > 0 {
 		_ = json.Unmarshal(cd.Config, &cfg)
@@ -646,6 +679,11 @@ func checkSSHScript(ctx context.Context, cd sqlcgen.ListEnabledCheckDefsRow) che
 	defer cancel()
 
 	scriptPath := "/opt/oikos/checks/" + cfg.Script
+	if cfg.Args != "" {
+		// Single-quote the argument so an entity name can never break out of
+		// the remote command. The script name itself is allowlisted above.
+		scriptPath += " '" + strings.ReplaceAll(cfg.Args, "'", `'\''`) + "'"
+	}
 	port := strconv.Itoa(cfg.Port)
 
 	output, err := sshExec(ctx, cfg.Host, port, cfg.User, scriptPath, timeout)
@@ -723,7 +761,6 @@ func sshExec(ctx context.Context, host, port, user, cmd string, timeout time.Dur
 	return out, nil
 }
 
-
 // metricThreshold defines warn/crit thresholds for a single metric.
 type metricThreshold struct {
 	Warn float64 `json:"warn"`

migrations/023_entity_type_monitoring.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+-- 023_entity_type_monitoring.up.sql
+-- Declare, per entity type, what monitoring that type warrants.
+--
+-- Motivation: only 3 of 89 active entities had an enabled check_def, because
+-- checkdefaults.forEntityType hardcoded a Go `switch` over five entity types
+-- and resolveHost looked for attribute shapes the seed data never used. The
+-- failure was silent — every tx.Exec in that file discarded its error.
+--
+-- Fixing coverage alone is not enough: coverage is NOT uniform. Some types
+-- (site, cluster, lan, mesh) are topological groupings with nothing to probe;
+-- their health is implied by their members. Without an explicit declaration,
+-- the "unmonitored" signal added alongside this migration would fire
+-- permanently and unresolvably against entities that are working as intended.
+--
+-- So monitoring becomes a property of the TYPE, resolved through the existing
+-- `parent_type` is-a hierarchy (declaring it on abstract `machine` covers
+-- proxmox-host / standalone-server / workstation).
+--
+-- Three states, deliberately distinguishable:
+--   NULL            — undeclared. An ontology gap; reported at info severity,
+--                     not as a fleet gap. This is why the column is nullable
+--                     rather than defaulting to '[]'.
+--   '[]'            — explicitly none. Excluded from coverage signalling.
+--   '["http", ...]' — the check kinds this type warrants.
+--
+-- The column holds check KINDS only. Deriving each check's config (host,
+-- script, url, thresholds) stays in Go, in internal/checkdefaults — a config
+-- template language in YAML is the natural follow-on, not this change.
+
+ALTER TABLE entity_types ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS monitoring_spec JSONB;
+
+-- Kept on one line and free of semicolons: the migration runner splits on ';'
+-- without tracking string literals, so both a newline and an inner semicolon
+-- would truncate this statement mid-quote.
+COMMENT ON COLUMN entity_types.monitoring_spec IS 'Check kinds this type warrants, resolved through parent_type. NULL means undeclared (an ontology gap), [] means explicitly unmonitorable, ["http","resource"] means declared kinds. Populated from seeds/ontology.yaml.';

migrations/024_executions_created_at_index.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+-- 024_executions_created_at_index.up.sql
+-- Support newest-first execution history.
+--
+-- ListExecutions previously ordered by the target entity's slug, which is
+-- neither useful for a history view nor unique enough to paginate on. It now
+-- orders by (created_at DESC, entity_id DESC) -- the compound key the cursor
+-- carries -- and executions had indexes only on target_entity_id and status.
+--
+-- The same ordering backs /activity/recent, which was doing this unindexed.
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_executions_created_at
+  ON executions (created_at DESC, entity_id DESC);
+
+-- Per-entity history ("what has run against this host?") filters on the target
+-- and then sorts, so give it a composite rather than making the planner sort
+-- every row for a target with a long history.
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_executions_target_created_at
+  ON executions (target_entity_id, created_at DESC);

migrations/025_execution_logs.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+-- 025_execution_logs.up.sql
+-- Incremental command output for executions.
+--
+-- Until now `executions.result` was a single JSONB blob written once, at the
+-- terminal state: {"output": "...everything..."}. Two consequences:
+--
+--   1. Nothing could be seen while a command ran. A ten-minute apt upgrade
+--      showed an empty row until it finished.
+--   2. On the sshExecTimeout path the output was discarded entirely — the
+--      code returned "" — so the executions most worth inspecting (the ones
+--      that hung) were the ones that left no trace at all.
+--
+-- Chunks land here as they arrive. `executions.result` still gets the full
+-- output at the end, so existing readers keep working unchanged and this
+-- table is purely additive.
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS execution_logs (
+    execution_id UUID        NOT NULL,
+    ts           TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+    -- Monotonic per execution. ts alone cannot order chunks: several arrive
+    -- within the same microsecond on a fast command.
+    seq          INTEGER     NOT NULL,
+    -- 'stdout' or 'stderr'. Both are also concatenated into the combined
+    -- output, matching what CombinedOutput used to return.
+    stream       TEXT        NOT NULL,
+    chunk        TEXT        NOT NULL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (execution_id, seq, ts)
+);
+
+SELECT create_hypertable('execution_logs', 'ts',
+    chunk_time_interval => INTERVAL '7 days', if_not_exists => TRUE);
+
+-- The only query that matters: replay one execution's output in order.
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_execution_logs_exec_seq
+    ON execution_logs (execution_id, seq);
+
+-- Matches the events table's 90 days. Command output is bulkier than events,
+-- but keeping it exactly as long as the event stream that references it avoids
+-- dangling 'execution.output' events pointing at rows that no longer exist.
+DO $$ BEGIN
+    PERFORM add_retention_policy('execution_logs', INTERVAL '90 days');
+EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN NULL;
+END $$;

migrations/026_check_defs_last_run.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+-- 026_check_defs_last_run.up.sql
+-- Make check_defs.interval_s actually mean something.
+--
+-- ListEnabledCheckDefs selected interval_s but never filtered on it, and
+-- nothing in the scheduler read it except staleSweep. So every enabled check
+-- ran on every 30-second pass and the declared per-check intervals were
+-- decorative.
+--
+-- That went unnoticed at 17 enabled checks (~0.5 SSH/s). Restoring monitoring
+-- coverage takes it to ~150, where it would have meant ~126 SSH connections
+-- every 30s — roughly 363k/day — and, worst of all, `apt update` on every
+-- machine every 30 seconds via updates_check.sh: 14,400 mirror hits a day to
+-- answer a question whose answer changes about once a day.
+--
+-- last_run_at is a column rather than scheduler memory on purpose: an
+-- in-memory map resets on restart, and this control plane restarts on every
+-- deploy, so every check would fire at once each time — a thundering herd
+-- exactly when the stack is least settled.
+--
+-- NULL means "never run", which is due immediately. Existing rows therefore
+-- all fire once on the first pass after this migration, then settle into
+-- their declared cadence.
+
+ALTER TABLE check_defs ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS last_run_at TIMESTAMPTZ;
+
+-- The scheduler's hot query: enabled AND due. Partial on enabled since
+-- disabled checks are never considered.
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_check_defs_due
+  ON check_defs (last_run_at)
+  WHERE enabled;
+
+COMMENT ON COLUMN check_defs.last_run_at IS 'When this check last executed. NULL = never, due immediately. Compared against interval_s to decide due-ness.';

seeds/inventory.yaml

@@ -201,7 +201,17 @@ entities:
   - {slug: "volume:media-local", type: volume, name: media-local,
      attributes: {path: /mnt/media_local}}
   - {slug: "backup:proton-drive", type: backup-target, name: proton-drive,
-     attributes: {provider: proton, encrypted: true}}
+     attributes: {provider: proton, encrypted: true,
+                  path: /mnt/backup,
+                  note: "rclone stages here before pushing to Proton; freshness is checked on lxc:rclone via the backs-up-to edge"}}
+  # The pre-deploy pg_dump written by scripts/deploy.sh on every push to main.
+  # It was the lab's only untracked backup: its failure path is `|| echo
+  # WARNING` inside the deploy script, so a broken dump was invisible until a
+  # rollback needed it.
+  - {slug: "backup:oikos-predeploy", type: backup-target, name: oikos-predeploy,
+     attributes: {provider: local, encrypted: false,
+                  path: /opt/oikos/backups,
+                  note: "pre-deploy pg_dump on the mac-mini; one per deployed SHA"}}
 
   # ─── Services ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
   - {slug: "service:proxmox-ui", type: service, name: proxmox_ui,
@@ -436,7 +446,12 @@ relationships:
   - {source: "ingress:trmnl.hubris.network", target: "service:trmnl", type: routes-to}
   - {source: "ingress:zimaos.hubris.network", target: "service:zimaos", type: routes-to}
   - {source: "ingress:teddy.hubris.network", target: "service:teddycloud", type: routes-to}
-  - {source: "ingress:mcp.hubris.network", target: "service:homelab-mcp", type: routes-to}
+  # Re-pointed from service:homelab-mcp, which is deprecated — the Python MCP
+  # server on apps/105 was stopped at the Go cutover and mcp.hubris.network now
+  # fronts the Go api. Nomos recorded this correctly on 2026-07-12; the seed
+  # was the stale one, and re-asserting the old edge alongside it is what made
+  # ingress:mcp a cardinality violation.
+  - {source: "ingress:mcp.hubris.network", target: "service:oikos", type: routes-to}
   - {source: "ingress:secrets.hubris.network", target: "service:secrets-issuance", type: routes-to}
   - {source: "ingress:house.hubris.network", target: "service:house", type: routes-to}
   - {source: "ingress:books.hubris.network", target: "service:grimmory", type: routes-to}
@@ -536,6 +551,10 @@ relationships:
   - {source: "lxc:romm", target: "pool:ludo-lvm", type: stores-on}
   - {source: "lxc:teddycloud", target: "pool:local-lvm-hubris", type: stores-on}
   - {source: "lxc:rclone", target: "backup:proton-drive", type: backs-up-to}
+  # The mac-mini writes the pre-deploy dumps, so it is also where the freshness
+  # check runs — checkdefaults resolves a backup-target's host by walking this
+  # edge backwards.
+  - {source: "ws:mac-mini", target: "backup:oikos-predeploy", type: backs-up-to}
 
   # ─── Governance ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
   - {source: "person:dtoro", target: "agent:nomos", type: owns}

seeds/ontology.yaml

@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: Physical location (home, VPS datacenter).
+    monitoring: none              # topological — health is its members'
     attributes: {type: object, properties: {address: {type: string}}}
   ups:
     parent: entity
@@ -183,6 +184,7 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: Uninterruptible power supply.
+    monitoring: none              # warranted, but no SNMP/NUT checker exists yet
     attributes: {type: object, properties: {vendor: {type: string}, va: {type: integer}}}
   sensor:
     parent: entity
@@ -190,12 +192,14 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: Environmental sensor.
+    monitoring: none              # readings are metrics, not health
   peripheral:
     parent: entity
     domain: physical
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: Attached hardware (GPU, e-ink display, dongle).
+    monitoring: none              # visible only through its host
 
   # ── Infrastructure / compute ──
   compute-entity:
@@ -210,6 +214,8 @@ entity_types:
     domain: compute
     layer: infrastructure
     description: Physical machine. Always instantiated as a subtype.
+    monitoring: [ping, resource, updates]  # inherited by proxmox-host /
+                                  # standalone-server / workstation / appliance
     attributes:
       type: object
       properties:
@@ -266,6 +272,7 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: Virtual machine.
+    monitoring: [ping]            # no guest agent assumed; reachability only
     attributes:
       type: object
       properties:
@@ -281,6 +288,7 @@ entity_types:
     domain: compute
     layer: infrastructure
     description: OS-level container (LXC or Docker).
+    monitoring: [resource]        # inherited by lxc / docker-container
     attributes:
       type: object
       properties: {runtime: {type: string}}
@@ -317,6 +325,7 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: Hypervisor software running on a machine (PVE, KVM, OrbStack).
+    monitoring: none              # the hosting machine's checks cover it
     attributes:
       type: object
       properties: {type: {type: string}, version: {type: string}}
@@ -328,6 +337,8 @@ entity_types:
     domain: network
     layer: infrastructure
     description: A network things connect to.
+    monitoring: none              # inherited by lan / mesh / vlan — a network's
+                                  # reachability is a property of its members
   lan:
     parent: network
     domain: network
@@ -360,6 +371,7 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     description: Optional per-interface refinement (mac, ip). The seed uses
       coarse connects-via edges; interfaces can be backfilled later.
+    monitoring: none              # covered by its machine's ping/resource checks
     attributes: {type: object, properties: {mac: {type: string}, ip: {type: string}}}
   dns-zone:
     parent: entity
@@ -367,12 +379,15 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: DNS zone (e.g. split-horizon hubris.network).
+    monitoring: [dns]             # NOTE: no `dns` checker exists yet — this is a
+                                  # real gap and coverageSweep will report it
     attributes: {type: object, properties: {zone: {type: string}, authority: {type: string}}}
   dns-record:
     parent: entity
     domain: network
     layer: infrastructure
     description: Individual DNS record.
+    monitoring: none              # the zone is the unit of monitoring
     attributes:
       type: object
       properties: {name: {type: string}, record_type: {type: string}, value: {type: string}}
@@ -382,6 +397,7 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: Public hostname → upstream mapping (Caddy).
+    monitoring: [http]            # end-to-end: exercises Caddy + DNS + TLS + upstream
     attributes:
       type: object
       properties:
@@ -393,12 +409,14 @@ entity_types:
     domain: network
     layer: infrastructure
     description: TLS certificate.
+    monitoring: [cert-expiry]
     attributes: {type: object, properties: {issuer: {type: string}, expires: {type: string}}}
   firewall-rule:
     parent: entity
     domain: network
     layer: infrastructure
     description: Firewall / port-forward rule.
+    monitoring: none              # declarative config, not a running thing
 
   # ── Infrastructure / storage ──
   storage-pool:
@@ -407,6 +425,7 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: Storage pool (LVM, ZFS, NFS).
+    monitoring: [capacity]
     attributes:
       type: object
       properties:
@@ -419,6 +438,7 @@ entity_types:
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: Named volume / dataset within a pool. Mount details live as
       attributes on `mounts` edges.
+    monitoring: [capacity]
     attributes: {type: object, properties: {size_gb: {type: number}, path: {type: string}}}
   backup-target:
     parent: entity
@@ -426,6 +446,7 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: Where backups land (Proton Drive, PBS).
+    monitoring: [backup-freshness]  # checker lands in Phase 4
     attributes: {type: object, properties: {provider: {type: string}, encrypted: {type: boolean}}}
   dataset:
     parent: entity
@@ -433,6 +454,7 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     description: Logical data collection worth tracking independently of its
       volume (e.g. paperless documents).
+    monitoring: none              # its volume and owning service carry the checks
 
   # ── Infrastructure / software ──
   service:
@@ -441,6 +463,8 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: A running service with consumers.
+    monitoring: [http, process]   # http when it has a `url`, else a process check
+                                  # on the host resolved through its hosting edge
     attributes:
       type: object
       properties:
@@ -457,12 +481,14 @@ entity_types:
     domain: software
     layer: infrastructure
     description: Deployed application/package a service runs.
+    monitoring: none              # the service in front of it is the probe target
     attributes: {type: object, properties: {version: {type: string}}}
   config-repo:
     parent: entity
     domain: software
     layer: infrastructure
     description: Git repo holding tracked configuration.
+    monitoring: none              # its Gitea service carries the checks
     attributes:
       type: object
       properties: {url: {type: string}, branch: {type: string}}
@@ -471,6 +497,7 @@ entity_types:
     domain: software
     layer: infrastructure
     description: Automated deploy path (webhook → script).
+    monitoring: none              # health is per-deploy, tracked as executions
     attributes:
       type: object
       properties: {trigger: {type: string}, target_path: {type: string}}
@@ -479,12 +506,14 @@ entity_types:
     domain: software
     layer: infrastructure
     description: Managed package baseline for a host class.
+    monitoring: none              # drift shows up via each host's updates check
   cluster:
     parent: entity
     domain: software
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: Proxmox cluster.
+    monitoring: none              # topological — its member hosts carry the checks
     attributes: {type: object, properties: {quorum: {type: string}}}
   compose-stack:
     parent: entity
@@ -492,6 +521,7 @@ entity_types:
     layer: infrastructure
     lifecycle: infrastructure
     description: Docker Compose stack (the Oikos OS itself is one).
+    monitoring: [process]
     attributes: {type: object, properties: {path: {type: string}}}
 
   # ── Infrastructure / external ──
@@ -500,22 +530,26 @@ entity_types:
     domain: external
     layer: infrastructure
     description: Registered public domain.
+    monitoring: none              # expiry is a calendar concern, not a probe
     attributes: {type: object, properties: {registrar: {type: string}, expires: {type: string}}}
   cloud-service:
     parent: entity
     domain: external
     layer: infrastructure
     description: External SaaS/cloud dependency.
+    monitoring: [http]            # only when the entity carries a `url`
   isp-link:
     parent: entity
     domain: external
     layer: infrastructure
     description: Internet uplink.
+    monitoring: none              # no probe target; reachability shows up fleet-wide
   vendor-dependency:
     parent: entity
     domain: external
     layer: infrastructure
     description: Vendor the lab depends on (registrar, IONOS, Proton).
+    monitoring: none              # a commercial relationship, not a running thing
 
   # ── Governance / identity ──
   person:
@@ -532,6 +566,8 @@ entity_types:
     layer: governance
     lifecycle: infrastructure   # agents are deployed/retired like infrastructure
     description: Software agent actor (Nomos, the Oikos control loop).
+    monitoring: [http]            # governance layer, but genuinely probeable —
+                                  # Nomos serves a gateway on :8092
     attributes:
       type: object
       properties:
@@ -934,7 +970,12 @@ relationship_types:
     inverse: documented-by
     source: document
     target: entity
-    cardinality: many-to-one
+    # many-to-many, not many-to-one: a single investigation routinely covers
+    # several entities (a fleet-wide apt audit documents every host it
+    # touched), and Nomos has been writing such edges for months. The stricter
+    # declaration made ~40 of them cardinality violations, which only surfaced
+    # once the seed could complete far enough to run ValidateCardinality.
+    cardinality: many-to-many
     description: Document describes an entity.
   involves:
     inverse: involved-in

seeds/policy.yaml

@@ -44,6 +44,23 @@ risk_classes:
     autonomy_allowed: false
 
 approval_rules:
+  # Signal kinds are looked up as `action` by internal/policy/classify.go, and
+  # an unmatched kind silently falls back to reversible_low/operator. Declare
+  # `unmonitored` so its routing is intentional: it reports a coverage gap and
+  # there is nothing to remediate automatically — closing it means an operator
+  # adding a check_def, which is its own deliberate change.
+  - {entity_type: entity, action: unmonitored, risk_class: read_only, autonomy_level: auto}
+
+  # Backup freshness signals. Reporting-only for the same reason: the fix for a
+  # stale or missing backup is a deliberate human change (re-run the job, fix
+  # the mount, correct the path), never something to auto-remediate. Declared
+  # so the routing is intentional rather than the reversible_low/operator
+  # fallback an unmatched kind would otherwise get.
+  - {entity_type: backup-target, action: backup-stale, risk_class: read_only, autonomy_level: auto}
+  - {entity_type: backup-target, action: backup-missing, risk_class: read_only, autonomy_level: auto}
+  - {entity_type: backup-target, action: backup-misconfigured, risk_class: read_only, autonomy_level: auto}
+  - {entity_type: backup-target, action: backup-unreachable, risk_class: read_only, autonomy_level: auto}
+
   # ── Generic rules on (possibly abstract) types ──
   - {entity_type: service, action: restart, risk_class: reversible_low, autonomy_level: auto}
   - {entity_type: service, action: cache-clear, risk_class: reversible_low, autonomy_level: auto}

web/src/lib/api.ts

@@ -961,6 +961,25 @@ export async function fetchEntitySignals(entityId: string): Promise<Signal[]> {
   return data.items ?? []
 }
 
+export interface ExecutionLogChunk {
+  seq: number
+  stream: string
+  chunk: string
+  ts: string
+}
+
+// Streamed command output. Chunks land in execution_logs as the command runs,
+// so this returns output for an execution that is still going — unlike
+// `result.output`, which is only written once at the terminal state.
+export async function fetchExecutionLogs(
+  executionId: string
+): Promise<{ items: ExecutionLogChunk[]; combined: string }> {
+  const res = await fetchWithAuth(`${API}/executions/${executionId}/logs?limit=2000`)
+  if (!res.ok) return { items: [], combined: '' }
+  const data = await res.json()
+  return { items: data.items ?? [], combined: data.combined ?? '' }
+}
+
 export async function fetchEntityExecutions(entityId: string): Promise<Execution[]> {
   const params = new URLSearchParams({ target: entityId, limit: '50' })
   const res = await fetchWithAuth(`${API}/executions?${params}`)

web/src/lib/components/EntityDetailContent.svelte

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
     fetchMetrics,
     fetchEntityEvents,
     fetchEntitySignals,
+    fetchEntityExecutions,
+    fetchExecutionLogs,
     fetchEntityTasks,
     fetchEntityKnowledge,
     fetchKnowledgeContent,
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@
     type Relationship,
     type MetricSeries,
     type Signal,
+    type Execution,
     type EntityTask,
     type KnowledgeHit,
     type KnowledgeContent,
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@
     type AuditEntry
   } from '$lib/api'
   import { relativeTime, truncateMiddle } from '$lib/utils'
-  import type { OikosEvent } from '$lib/stores/events'
+  import { liveEvents, subscribeEvents, type OikosEvent } from '$lib/stores/events'
   import DetailSection from '$lib/components/DetailSection.svelte'
   import { Badge } from '$lib/components/ui/badge'
   import { Button } from '$lib/components/ui/button'
@@ -48,6 +51,15 @@
   let metrics = $state<MetricSeries[]>([])
   let events = $state<OikosEvent[]>([])
   let signals = $state<Signal[]>([])
+  let executions = $state<Execution[]>([])
+  let expandedExecution = $state<string | null>(null)
+  // Streamed output for the expanded execution, kept separate from
+  // result.output: result is only written at the terminal state, so a running
+  // command has nothing there and these chunks are the only thing to show.
+  let streamedOutput = $state('')
+  let streamEl = $state<HTMLPreElement | null>(null)
+  // Follow the tail unless the operator has scrolled up to read something.
+  let followTail = $state(true)
   let tasks = $state<EntityTask[]>([])
   let knowledge = $state<KnowledgeHit[]>([])
   let ownContent = $state<KnowledgeContent | null>(null)
@@ -76,11 +88,12 @@
       loading = false
       return
     }
-    const [rel, m, ev, sig, tk, kh, oc, ch, aa, au] = await Promise.all([
+    const [rel, m, ev, sig, ex, tk, kh, oc, ch, aa, au] = await Promise.all([
       fetchEntityRelations(entity.id),
       fetchMetrics(entity.id),
       fetchEntityEvents(entity.id),
       fetchEntitySignals(entity.id),
+      fetchEntityExecutions(entity.id),
       fetchEntityTasks(entity),
       fetchEntityKnowledge(entity.id),
       KNOWLEDGE_TYPES.has(entity.type) ? fetchKnowledgeContent(entity.id) : Promise.resolve(null),
@@ -92,6 +105,7 @@
     metrics = m
     events = ev
     signals = sig
+    executions = ex
     tasks = tk
     knowledge = kh
     ownContent = oc
@@ -141,8 +155,80 @@
     }
   }
 
+  const RUNNING_STATUSES = new Set(['running', 'approved', 'executing', 'pending_approval'])
+
+  function isRunning(execution: Execution): boolean {
+    return RUNNING_STATUSES.has(execution.status)
+  }
+
+  async function loadExecutionLogs(executionId: string) {
+    const logs = await fetchExecutionLogs(executionId)
+    // Ignore a response that arrives after the operator collapsed the row or
+    // opened a different one.
+    if (expandedExecution !== executionId) return
+    streamedOutput = logs.combined
+    if (followTail) {
+      await tick()
+      if (streamEl) streamEl.scrollTop = streamEl.scrollHeight
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function toggleExecution(execution: Execution) {
+    if (expandedExecution === execution.id) {
+      expandedExecution = null
+      streamedOutput = ''
+      return
+    }
+    expandedExecution = execution.id
+    streamedOutput = ''
+    followTail = true
+    await loadExecutionLogs(execution.id)
+  }
+
+  function onStreamScroll() {
+    if (!streamEl) return
+    // Re-engage following once the operator scrolls back to the bottom.
+    followTail = streamEl.scrollHeight - streamEl.scrollTop - streamEl.clientHeight < 24
+  }
+
+  // Live tail. The backend throttles execution.output to one event per second
+  // per execution and the NOTIFY payload deliberately omits the data, so the
+  // event is only a "there is more" ping — the chunks are re-read here.
+  //
+  // Lifecycle events (execution.completed/failed) refresh the list instead:
+  // without that the row keeps its `running` badge and empty duration forever,
+  // which only became visible once running executions were shown at all.
+  $effect(() => {
+    const ev = $liveEvents[0]
+    if (!ev || !ev.type.startsWith('execution.')) return
+
+    if (ev.type === 'execution.output') {
+      const target = expandedExecution
+      if (target && ev.entity_id === target) loadExecutionLogs(target)
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!entity) return
+    // Only refetch for an execution this panel is actually showing, so an
+    // unrelated command elsewhere in the fleet doesn't cause a request here.
+    if (executions.some((e) => e.id === ev.entity_id)) {
+      refreshExecutions()
+    }
+  })
+
+  async function refreshExecutions() {
+    if (!entity) return
+    const id = entity.id
+    const next = await fetchEntityExecutions(id)
+    // Guard against the panel having switched entity mid-flight.
+    if (entity?.id === id) executions = next
+  }
+
   onMount(() => {
     load(slug)
+    // One shared, reference-counted SSE connection; this just registers
+    // interest so the tail receives events while the window is open.
+    return subscribeEvents()
   })
 
   $effect(() => {
@@ -171,6 +257,53 @@
     }
   }
 
+  // The `run` tool encodes its action as `run:{"command":…,"purpose":…}`, so
+  // the raw string is unreadable. Show the command when there is one, the bare
+  // verb otherwise. Mirrors splitAction() in internal/httpapi/activity.go.
+  function executionSummary(execution: Execution): string {
+    const idx = execution.action.indexOf(':')
+    if (idx < 0) return execution.action
+    const verb = execution.action.slice(0, idx)
+    const rest = execution.action.slice(idx + 1)
+    try {
+      const params = JSON.parse(rest)
+      if (typeof params?.command === 'string') return params.command
+      if (typeof params?.purpose === 'string') return `${verb} — ${params.purpose}`
+    } catch {
+      // Not JSON — older actions use `verb:plain-params`.
+      return `${verb} ${rest}`
+    }
+    return verb
+  }
+
+  // result is {"output": …} on success and {"output": …, "error": …} on
+  // failure. Until now nothing in the UI rendered either.
+  function executionOutput(execution: Execution): string {
+    const result = execution.result
+    if (!result) return ''
+    const parts: string[] = []
+    if (typeof result.error === 'string' && result.error) parts.push(result.error)
+    if (typeof result.output === 'string' && result.output) parts.push(result.output)
+    return parts.join('\n\n').trim()
+  }
+
+  function executionStatusVariant(
+    status: string
+  ): 'default' | 'secondary' | 'destructive' | 'outline' {
+    if (status === 'failed' || status === 'denied' || status === 'revoked') return 'destructive'
+    if (status === 'completed') return 'default'
+    if (status === 'running' || status === 'pending_approval') return 'secondary'
+    return 'outline'
+  }
+
+  function formatDuration(ms: number | null): string {
+    if (ms == null) return '—'
+    if (ms < 1000) return `${ms}ms`
+    const s = Math.round(ms / 1000)
+    if (s < 60) return `${s}s`
+    return `${Math.floor(s / 60)}m ${s % 60}s`
+  }
+
   function severityVariant(sev: string): 'default' | 'secondary' | 'destructive' {
     if (sev === 'critical') return 'destructive'
     if (sev === 'warning') return 'secondary'
@@ -552,6 +685,64 @@
       </div>
     {/snippet}
 
+    {#snippet executionsContent()}
+      <div class="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+        {#each executions as execution (execution.id)}
+          {@const output = executionOutput(execution)}
+          {@const running = isRunning(execution)}
+          {@const expanded = expandedExecution === execution.id}
+          <div class="flex flex-col gap-1 border-b pb-1.5 text-xs last:border-0 last:pb-0">
+            <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
+              <button
+                type="button"
+                class="flex-1 truncate text-left font-mono hover:underline disabled:cursor-default disabled:no-underline"
+                disabled={!output && !running}
+                title={output || running ? 'Show output' : undefined}
+                onclick={() => toggleExecution(execution)}
+              >
+                {executionSummary(execution)}
+              </button>
+              <div class="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1">
+                {#if execution.duration_ms != null}
+                  <span class="text-muted-foreground">{formatDuration(execution.duration_ms)}</span>
+                {:else if running && execution.started_at}
+                  <!-- started_at is now written when the status flips to
+                       running, so an in-flight command can show how long it
+                       has been going instead of nothing at all. -->
+                  <span class="text-muted-foreground">{relativeTime(execution.started_at)}</span>
+                {/if}
+                <Badge variant={executionStatusVariant(execution.status)}>{execution.status}</Badge>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="flex items-center gap-2 text-muted-foreground">
+              <span>{relativeTime(execution.started_at ?? execution.created_at)}</span>
+              <span>·</span>
+              <span>{execution.risk_class}</span>
+            </div>
+            {#if expanded}
+              {@const shown = running ? streamedOutput : streamedOutput || output}
+              {#if shown}
+                <pre
+                  bind:this={streamEl}
+                  onscroll={onStreamScroll}
+                  class="mt-1 max-h-64 overflow-auto rounded bg-muted p-2 font-mono text-[11px] leading-snug whitespace-pre-wrap">{shown}</pre>
+              {:else if running}
+                <p class="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground italic">Waiting for output…</p>
+              {/if}
+              {#if running}
+                <div class="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">
+                  <span class="size-1.5 animate-pulse rounded-full bg-warning"></span>
+                  <span>{followTail ? 'following output' : 'scrolled up — paused'}</span>
+                </div>
+              {/if}
+            {/if}
+          </div>
+        {:else}
+          <p class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">None.</p>
+        {/each}
+      </div>
+    {/snippet}
+
     {#snippet tasksContent()}
       <div class="flex flex-col gap-1">
         {#each tasks as { task, executionCount } (task.id)}
@@ -676,6 +867,12 @@
       },
       { key: 'metrics', title: 'Metrics', count: metrics.length, content: metricsContent },
       { key: 'signals', title: 'Signals', count: signals.length, content: signalsContent },
+      {
+        key: 'executions',
+        title: 'Executions',
+        count: executions.length,
+        content: executionsContent
+      },
       { key: 'tasks', title: 'Tasks', count: tasks.length, content: tasksContent },
       { key: 'knowledge', title: 'Knowledge', count: knowledge.length, content: knowledgeContent },
       { key: 'events', title: 'Recent events', count: events.length, content: eventsContent },

web/src/lib/components/UnifiedTimeline.svelte

@@ -53,6 +53,18 @@
     stepToggles.set(step.id, !stepOpen(step))
     stepToggles = new Map(stepToggles)
   }
+  // Pin each streaming output pane to its tail as chunks arrive. Keyed by
+  // tool id because several run entries can be on screen, though only the
+  // newest one is ever actually streaming.
+  let liveOutputEls = $state<Record<string, HTMLPreElement | null>>({})
+  $effect(() => {
+    for (const e of entries) {
+      if (!e.liveOutput) continue
+      const el = liveOutputEls[e.id]
+      if (el) el.scrollTop = el.scrollHeight
+    }
+  })
+
   function toggleTool(id: string) {
     if (expandedTools.has(id)) expandedTools.delete(id)
     else expandedTools.add(id)
@@ -366,7 +378,7 @@
               {#if expandedWithTools}
                 <div transition:slide={{ duration: 150 }} class="flex flex-col">
                   {#each item.tools as tool (tool.id)}
-                    {@const tOpen = expandedTools.has(tool.id)}
+                    {@const tOpen = expandedTools.has(tool.id) || !!tool.liveOutput}
                     <div class="relative" data-tl-id={tool.id}>
                       <!-- Branch stub: backbone → tool -->
                       <span
@@ -379,10 +391,12 @@
                       <button
                         type="button"
                         class="flex w-full items-center gap-1.5 py-1 pl-9 pr-3 text-left text-[11px] {tool.args ||
-                        tool.detail
+                        tool.detail ||
+                        tool.liveOutput
                           ? 'cursor-pointer hover:bg-muted/20'
                           : 'cursor-default'}"
-                        onclick={() => (tool.args || tool.detail) && toggleTool(tool.id)}
+                        onclick={() =>
+                          (tool.args || tool.detail || tool.liveOutput) && toggleTool(tool.id)}
                       >
                         <span class="flex size-3 shrink-0 items-center justify-center">
                           {#if tool.status === 'running'}
@@ -428,6 +442,13 @@
                                 tool.args
                               )}</pre>
                           {/if}
+                          {#if tool.liveOutput}
+                            <!-- Streaming while the command runs. Bound so it
+                                 can be pinned to the tail as chunks arrive. -->
+                            <pre
+                              bind:this={liveOutputEls[tool.id]}
+                              class="max-h-36 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words rounded bg-muted/50 p-1.5 font-mono text-[9px] leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">{tool.liveOutput}</pre>
+                          {/if}
                           {#if tool.detail}
                             <pre
                               class="max-h-36 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words rounded bg-muted/50 p-1.5 font-mono text-[9px] leading-relaxed {tool.status ===

web/src/lib/stores/activity.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { derived, type Readable } from 'svelte/store'
 import { messages, chatFor, type ChatMessage, type ToolCallResult } from './chat'
 import { planSteps, currentTask, workspaceFor, taskFor } from './workspace'
+import { liveExecutionOutputFor, type LiveExecutionOutput } from './execstream'
 import type { PlanStep, Session } from '$lib/api'
 
 export { type ToolCallResult }
@@ -28,6 +29,10 @@ export interface ActivityEntry {
   stepSeq?: number
   indent?: boolean
   status: 'running' | 'done' | 'failed'
+  // Command output streaming in while a `run` tool call is still executing.
+  // Distinct from `detail`, which is only populated once the tool_result
+  // arrives — for an auto-run that is the moment the command finishes.
+  liveOutput?: string
 }
 
 // Detail text is kept full-length (not hard-truncated to a preview snippet)
@@ -199,12 +204,31 @@ export const activityLog = derived([messages, planSteps, currentTask], ([$msgs,
   computeActivityLog($msgs, $steps, $task)
 )
 
+// Attach streaming output to the `run` entry that is currently executing.
+// Nomos runs tools sequentially, so the last still-running run entry is the
+// one the output belongs to.
+function withLiveOutput(
+  entries: ActivityEntry[],
+  live: LiveExecutionOutput | null
+): ActivityEntry[] {
+  if (!live?.output) return entries
+  for (let i = entries.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    const e = entries[i]
+    if (e.type === 'tool_running' && e.status === 'running' && e.toolName === 'run') {
+      entries[i] = { ...e, liveOutput: live.output }
+      break
+    }
+  }
+  return entries
+}
+
 export function activityLogFor(sessionId: string): Readable<ActivityEntry[]> {
   const chat = chatFor(sessionId)
   const ws = workspaceFor(sessionId)
   const task = taskFor(sessionId)
-  return derived([chat.messages, ws.planSteps, task], ([$msgs, $steps, $task]) =>
-    computeActivityLog($msgs, $steps, $task)
+  const live = liveExecutionOutputFor(sessionId)
+  return derived([chat.messages, ws.planSteps, task, live], ([$msgs, $steps, $task, $live]) =>
+    withLiveOutput(computeActivityLog($msgs, $steps, $task), $live)
   )
 }
 

web/src/lib/stores/context.ts

@@ -22,10 +22,13 @@ export async function refreshContext() {
 function onEvent(ev: OikosEvent) {
   if (ev.id <= lastSeenEventId) return
   lastSeenEventId = ev.id
+  // execution.output carries no summary-level change — it just signals that a
+  // running command printed more. Excluded so a single noisy command doesn't
+  // refresh the dashboard summary once a second.
   if (
     ev.type.startsWith('approval.') ||
     ev.type.startsWith('signal.') ||
-    ev.type.startsWith('execution.') ||
+    (ev.type.startsWith('execution.') && ev.type !== 'execution.output') ||
     ev.type === 'health.changed'
   ) {
     refreshContext()

web/src/lib/stores/execstream.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { get, writable } from 'svelte/store'
+import type { OikosEvent } from './events'
+
+// The store is driven entirely by SSE events plus a log fetch, so both are
+// mocked. What matters is the correlation logic: an execution.output event is
+// matched to a chat session by correlation_id, which MCP-initiated executions
+// now carry (it used to be a random per-execution UUID that correlated
+// nothing).
+
+const liveEvents = writable<OikosEvent[]>([])
+const subscribeEvents = vi.fn(() => () => {})
+const fetchExecutionLogs = vi.fn(async (id: string) => ({
+  items: [],
+  combined: `output-for-${id}`
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./events', () => ({
+  liveEvents,
+  subscribeEvents
+}))
+vi.mock('$lib/api', () => ({
+  fetchExecutionLogs: (id: string) => fetchExecutionLogs(id)
+}))
+
+let mod: typeof import('./execstream')
+
+function event(partial: Partial<OikosEvent>): OikosEvent {
+  return {
+    id: Math.floor(Math.random() * 1e9),
+    ts: new Date().toISOString(),
+    type: 'execution.output',
+    entity_id: 'exec-1',
+    severity: 'info',
+    source: 'actuator',
+    data: {},
+    correlation_id: 'session-1',
+    ...partial
+  } as OikosEvent
+}
+
+// The store fetches asynchronously; let the microtask queue drain.
+const settle = () => new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 0))
+
+beforeEach(async () => {
+  liveEvents.set([])
+  fetchExecutionLogs.mockClear()
+  vi.resetModules()
+  mod = await import('./execstream')
+})
+
+describe('liveExecutionOutputFor', () => {
+  it('picks up output for its own session', async () => {
+    const store = mod.liveExecutionOutputFor('session-1')
+    const stop = store.subscribe(() => {})
+
+    liveEvents.set([event({ entity_id: 'exec-1', correlation_id: 'session-1' })])
+    await settle()
+
+    expect(fetchExecutionLogs).toHaveBeenCalledWith('exec-1')
+    expect(get(store)).toEqual({ executionId: 'exec-1', output: 'output-for-exec-1' })
+    stop()
+  })
+
+  // Without this every open chat window would tail every other session's
+  // commands.
+  it('ignores output belonging to a different session', async () => {
+    const store = mod.liveExecutionOutputFor('session-1')
+    const stop = store.subscribe(() => {})
+
+    liveEvents.set([event({ entity_id: 'exec-9', correlation_id: 'session-2' })])
+    await settle()
+
+    expect(fetchExecutionLogs).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(get(store)).toBeNull()
+    stop()
+  })
+
+  it('ignores unrelated event types', async () => {
+    const store = mod.liveExecutionOutputFor('session-1')
+    const stop = store.subscribe(() => {})
+
+    liveEvents.set([event({ type: 'signal.raised' })])
+    await settle()
+
+    expect(fetchExecutionLogs).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    stop()
+  })
+
+  // A session runs commands one after another; the second must not inherit
+  // the first one's output.
+  it('resets when a new execution starts in the same session', async () => {
+    const store = mod.liveExecutionOutputFor('session-1')
+    const stop = store.subscribe(() => {})
+
+    liveEvents.set([event({ entity_id: 'exec-1' })])
+    await settle()
+    expect(get(store)?.executionId).toBe('exec-1')
+
+    liveEvents.set([event({ entity_id: 'exec-2' })])
+    await settle()
+    expect(get(store)).toEqual({ executionId: 'exec-2', output: 'output-for-exec-2' })
+    stop()
+  })
+
+  // Once the command finishes its output belongs to the tool_result, not to a
+  // still-"running" entry — leaving it set would show stale output against
+  // the next command.
+  it('clears on a terminal execution event', async () => {
+    const store = mod.liveExecutionOutputFor('session-1')
+    const stop = store.subscribe(() => {})
+
+    liveEvents.set([event({ entity_id: 'exec-1' })])
+    await settle()
+    expect(get(store)).not.toBeNull()
+
+    liveEvents.set([event({ type: 'execution.completed', entity_id: 'exec-1' })])
+    await settle()
+    expect(get(store)).toBeNull()
+    stop()
+  })
+
+  it('does not clear on another session completing', async () => {
+    const store = mod.liveExecutionOutputFor('session-1')
+    const stop = store.subscribe(() => {})
+
+    liveEvents.set([event({ entity_id: 'exec-1' })])
+    await settle()
+
+    liveEvents.set([
+      event({ type: 'execution.completed', entity_id: 'exec-5', correlation_id: 'session-2' })
+    ])
+    await settle()
+    expect(get(store)).not.toBeNull()
+    stop()
+  })
+})

web/src/lib/stores/execstream.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Live command output for a chat session's currently-running execution.
+//
+// The chat renders a `run` tool call as "running" from the moment the tool_use
+// arrives until its tool_result comes back — and for an auto-run that gap IS
+// the command's runtime. Until now that window showed only the arguments; the
+// output appeared all at once at the end.
+//
+// Correlation works because MCP-initiated executions now carry the chat
+// session id as their correlation_id, and every execution.output event carries
+// that through. So an event can be matched to the session on screen without a
+// lookup. Nomos runs tools sequentially, so at most one execution is in flight
+// per session — no ambiguity about which entry the output belongs to.
+//
+// Only auto-runs stream. A gated run returns "execution queued" immediately,
+// so its tool entry is already `done` and the command executes minutes later
+// after approval — the entity detail window is where that one is watched.
+
+import { readable, type Readable } from 'svelte/store'
+import { liveEvents, subscribeEvents } from './events'
+import { fetchExecutionLogs } from '$lib/api'
+
+export interface LiveExecutionOutput {
+  executionId: string
+  output: string
+}
+
+const cache = new Map<string, Readable<LiveExecutionOutput | null>>()
+
+/**
+ * Live output for whichever execution this session is currently running.
+ * Resets when a different execution starts, so output from a previous command
+ * never bleeds into the next one's entry.
+ */
+export function liveExecutionOutputFor(sessionId: string): Readable<LiveExecutionOutput | null> {
+  const existing = cache.get(sessionId)
+  if (existing) return existing
+
+  const store = readable<LiveExecutionOutput | null>(null, (set) => {
+    let currentId: string | null = null
+    let inFlight = false
+    // Coalesce: a refetch already running means the next event's data will be
+    // covered by a single follow-up, rather than queueing a request per event.
+    let queued = false
+
+    async function refresh(executionId: string) {
+      if (inFlight) {
+        queued = true
+        return
+      }
+      inFlight = true
+      try {
+        const logs = await fetchExecutionLogs(executionId)
+        // Drop a response for an execution that is no longer current.
+        if (currentId === executionId) set({ executionId, output: logs.combined })
+      } finally {
+        inFlight = false
+        if (queued) {
+          queued = false
+          if (currentId) refresh(currentId)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    const unsubscribeSSE = subscribeEvents()
+    const unsubscribeEvents = liveEvents.subscribe((events) => {
+      const ev = events[0]
+      if (!ev) return
+
+      // Lifecycle end: clear so the finished command's output stops being
+      // shown against a new "running" entry.
+      if (
+        ev.correlation_id === sessionId &&
+        (ev.type === 'execution.completed' ||
+          ev.type === 'execution.failed' ||
+          ev.type === 'execution.cancelled')
+      ) {
+        currentId = null
+        set(null)
+        return
+      }
+
+      if (ev.type !== 'execution.output') return
+      if (ev.correlation_id !== sessionId) return
+      if (!ev.entity_id) return
+
+      if (ev.entity_id !== currentId) {
+        currentId = ev.entity_id
+        set({ executionId: currentId, output: '' })
+      }
+      refresh(ev.entity_id)
+    })
+
+    return () => {
+      unsubscribeEvents()
+      unsubscribeSSE()
+      cache.delete(sessionId)
+    }
+  })
+
+  cache.set(sessionId, store)
+  return store
+}

web/src/pages/Ops.svelte

@@ -45,7 +45,12 @@
     const ev = $liveEvents[0]
     if (!ev) return
     if (ev.type.startsWith('approval.')) loadApprovals()
-    if (ev.type.startsWith('execution.')) loadActivity()
+    // execution.output is a "more command output arrived" ping for one
+    // execution, not a lifecycle change — it fires up to once a second per
+    // running command and changes nothing this table shows. Refetching the
+    // whole activity list on it would turn a chatty apt upgrade into a
+    // refetch storm.
+    if (ev.type.startsWith('execution.') && ev.type !== 'execution.output') loadActivity()
   })
 
   async function decide(id: string, decision: 'approve' | 'deny') {

web/vite.config.ts

@@ -32,6 +32,16 @@ function authProxy(target: string, rewrite?: (path: string) => string): ProxyOpt
   }
 }
 
+// Where `npm run dev` proxies to. The SPA is hardwired to same-origin in dev
+// (see the __OIKOS_DEV_TOKEN__ define below), so these targets — not
+// localStorage — decide which backend a dev session actually talks to. They
+// default to the local prod stack, which is what you want day to day; override
+// them to point a dev SPA at a scratch API without touching this file:
+//
+//   OIKOS_API_PROXY=http://127.0.0.1:8199 npm run dev
+const apiTarget = process.env.OIKOS_API_PROXY ?? 'http://localhost:8090'
+const nomosTarget = process.env.OIKOS_NOMOS_PROXY ?? 'http://localhost:8092'
+
 export default defineConfig({
   plugins: [tailwindcss(), svelte()],
   base: '/',
@@ -71,11 +81,11 @@ export default defineConfig({
   },
   server: {
     proxy: {
-      '/api': authProxy('http://localhost:8090'),
+      '/api': authProxy(apiTarget),
       // Production Caddy strips /agent before forwarding to nomos
       // (compose/caddy/Caddyfile.oikos handle_path /agent/*); match that
       // here so dev and prod agree on nomos's actual route paths.
-      '/agent': authProxy('http://localhost:8092', (path) => path.replace(/^\/agent/, ''))
+      '/agent': authProxy(nomosTarget, (path) => path.replace(/^\/agent/, ''))
     }
   },
   test: {